Ithiyori Yokusuka Olwandle Kuya Ezweni: Uhambo Lokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Olushintshe Impilo
Ushintsho luyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kule planethi. Olunye lwezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni woMhlaba kwaba ukuguquka kusuka kolwandle kuya kokuphila kwasemhlabeni. Lesi simo, esisibiza ngokuthi "i-Sea-to-Land Theory," sichaza indlela impilo yasolwandle yasendulo eyashintsha ngayo ukuze inqobe umhlaba, inqubo eyaguqula ubuso beplanethi yethu futhi yavula indlela yokuvela kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphila kwasemhlabeni, okuhlanganisa nabantu.
Isizinda Nomlando
Ngokwejiyoloji, uMhlaba uneminyaka engaba yizigidigidi ezingu-4,5 ubudala. Eminyakeni eyizigidigidi zokuqala, kukholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kwakukhona olwandle kuphela. Ulwandle lwalunikeza indawo ezinzile nevikelwe, lunikeza indawo eyayisekela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okudingekayo empilweni yokuqala. Izinhlobo zokuphila ezilula zakuqala, njengezinambuzane ezincane kanye nolwelwe, kucatshangwa ukuthi zazihlala kula manzi asendulo.
Ngesikhathi sePaleozoic, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-500 eyedlule, izilwane zasolwandle zaqala ukuhlola imingcele phakathi kwamanzi nomhlaba. Ubufakazi bezinsalela bubonisa ukuthi ezinye zalezi zidalwa zakha izici zomzimba ezazizivumela ukuba zihambe futhi ziphile emhlabeni. Le nqubo ayizange ivele ngokushesha, kodwa yenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezimo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ubufakazi Bezinto Zasendulo
Izinsalela ziyisihluthulelo sokuqonda lolu shintsho. Enye yezinsalela ezidumile kakhulu yiTiktaalik, isidalwa esiyinhlanzi eyingxenye, esihlala emanzini nasemanzini esasiphila eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-375 edlule. ITiktaalik yayinamaphiko anamandla, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba, kanye nesakhiwo samathambo esifana namathambo ezingalo zezidalwa ezihlala emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luveze imikhondo yokuqala yama-tetrapod, izidalwa zokuqala ezinemilenze emine, okubonisa ukuthi ayekwazi ukuzulazula emhlabeni. Le mikhondo yezinsalela itholakale ezindaweni ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa neJehol Biota eShayina kanye nokwakheka kwama-tetrapod okuqala eScotland.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo E-New Habitat
Kungani izidalwa zasolwandle zaqala ukuhlola umhlaba? Imibono eminingana izama ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Enye yezingcindezi zemvelo olwandle, njengokuncintisana ngokudla, izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu neziningi, noma ushintsho lwesimo sezulu olwenza izimo zamanzi zingazinzi.
Emhlabeni, lezi zidalwa zabhekana nendawo entsha yokuhlala enezinselele eziyingqayizivele. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi, umhlaba wawungasekeli kangako imizimba yazo, okwenza ukuzivumelanisa nezimo njengokuthuthukiswa kwamathambo aqinile kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphefumula kwaba yinkinga ebalulekile, okwaholela ekuguqukeni kusuka ezimpungeni kuya emaphashini.
Olunye ushintsho olubalulekile lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuvimbela ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni. Isikhumba siba yisithiyo sokugcina umswakama emzimbeni, kanti izitho zokuzala ziyashintsha ukuze zivikele amaqanda ekubeni ome.
Ukuvela Kwamaphaphu Nesistimu Yokuphefumula
Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ekushintsheni kusuka olwandle kuya ezweni kwakuwukusimama kokuphefumula. Izidalwa zasolwandle zakuqala zazithembele ezimbotsheni zokuphefumula ukuze zimunce umoya-mpilo emanzini. Kodwa-ke, umoya unezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lomoya-mpilo kunamanzi, kodwa udinga izitho ezahlukene ukuze ziwukhiphe.
Ngokwemvelo, izakhiwo ezifana namaphaphu zaqala ukuvela kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. I-Lungfish, isibonelo, ingasebenzisa amasaka omoya akhethekile aguqukela ekubeni ama-respirator ukuze aphefumule umoya lapho izimo zamanzi ziphansi komoya-mpilo. Lokhu kungenye yezinguquko ezibalulekile ezenza kwaba khona futhi kuguqulwe izidalwa eziphilayo ezindaweni zasemhlabeni.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwempilo Emhlabeni
Ngemva kokuhlala kahle ezweni, izinto eziphilayo zajabulela izinzuzo ezintsha ezahlukahlukene ezazingatholakali ezindaweni zokuhlala zasolwandle. Isibonelo, inani nezinhlobo zezitshalo emhlabeni zazihlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ku-mosses ezinciphile kuya ezihlahleni ezinkulu, ezazinikeza imithombo yokudla emisha. Indawo enkulu, ekhululekile—ngokungafani nemingcele yendawo yolwandle—yanikeza izinto eziphilayo ithuba lokuchuma nokwandisa inani lazo.
Njengoba ubuso bomhlaba nesimo sezulu sashintsha, izidalwa zasemhlabeni zabe sezithuthuka zaba izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, izilwane ezincelisayo, futhi ekugcineni izinyoni ngayinye yathola umkhondo wazo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezidalweni zasolwandle zakuqala.
Umthelela Ezinhlelweni Zemvelo Nokuhlukahluka Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Lolu shintsho aluzange lushintshe nje kuphela indlela izinto eziphilayo eziphila ngayo kodwa futhi lwaba nomthelela omkhulu ezintweni eziphilayo zomhlaba kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo. Izinhlobo eziningi ezintsha zezitshalo nezilwane zavela ukuze zigcwalise izindawo ezahlukene zemvelo emhlabeni. Ukusebenzisana okusha phakathi kwezitshalo, izilwane ezidla utshani, kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye ekugcineni kwakha uchungechunge lokudla oluyinkimbinkimbi emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu shintsho lwenze kwaba nokuguquguquka okwengeziwe okwaba nomthelela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwakheka komhlaba eMhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwezinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni ezihlakaza imbewu kanye nokujikeleza izakhamzimba, izimiso zemvelo zasemhlabeni njengoba sizazi namuhla bezingeke zithuthuke.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yoLwandle-kuya-Ezweni ichaza olunye lwezinguquko eziyisisekelo nezithakazelisayo emlandweni wokuphila eMhlabeni. Kusukela ekucindezelweni kwemvelo olwandle kuya ekuzivumelaniseni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezemvelo, lokhu kuthuthuka kusinika ukuqonda ngekhono lemvelo lokushintsha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe ku-paleontology kanye nezakhi zofuzo luyaqhubeka nokunikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwalolu shintsho, luqokomisa uhambo olumangalisayo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo oluqhubekayo nanamuhla. Njengabantu banamuhla baseMhlabeni, sikweleta uhambo lwethu olude oluvela emanzini luye emoyeni, futhi ekugcineni ngenxa yenqwaba yomhlaba esihlala kuwo namuhla.
