Isihloko: Ukuqonda Inkolelo-mbono KaLamarck Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo: Isibuyekezo Esijulile
I-Pendahuluan
Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ingenye yemibono eyisisekelo kakhulu ku-biology, echaza izinguquko ezintweni eziphilayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nakuba uCharles Darwin evame ukubhekwa “njengoyise wokuziphendukela kwemvelo,” eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-50 ngaphambi kokuba uDarwin ashicilele umsebenzi wakhe, usosayensi waseFrance ogama lakhe linguJean-Baptiste Lamarck wayephakamise imfundiso yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka ngokujulile imfundiso kaLamarck yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, iminikelo yakhe kwisayensi, nokuthi kungani, naphezu kokuthi ekugcineni yathathelwa indawo yimfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imibono yakhe isafanele ukufundwa.
Umlando Omfushane KaJean-Baptiste Lamarck
UJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, uChevalier de Lamarck, wazalwa ngo-Agasti 1, 1744, eBazentin, eFrance. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe kwezempi kwaze kwaba yilapho impilo yakhe imphoqelela ukuba awuyeke. ULamarck wabe esephendukela kwisayensi yemvelo futhi waba ngumuntu obalulekile eFrench Museum of Natural History. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uLamarck wabhala imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile futhi wenza iminikelo ebalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-botany, i-taxonomy, kanye ne-paleontology.
Isisekelo Senkolelo-mbono KaLamarck Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Imfundiso kaLamarck yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukuguqulwa” noma “uLamarckism”, yaqala ukuphakanyiswa encwadini yakhe ethi “Philosophie Zoologique” ngo-1809. ULamarck wabeka izimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko emfundisweni yakhe:
1. Umthetho Wokusetshenziswa Nokungasetshenziswa: ULamarck wayekholelwa ukuthi izitho noma izici ezivame ukusetshenziswa ngumuntu zizokhula futhi ziqine, kuyilapho izitho noma izici ezingasetshenziswa kakhulu zizobuthakathaka futhi zingase zinyamalale.
2. Ifa Lezimpawu Ezitholwe: ULamarck waphikisana ngokuthi izici ezitholwa ngumuntu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe zizodluliselwa enzalweni yakhe. Isibonelo, waphikisana ngokuthi izindlulamithi zinezintamo ezinde ngoba okhokho bazo babehlala belula izintamo zabo ukuze bafinyelele amaqabunga emithini emide.
Isibonelo esivamile esisetshenziswa ukuchaza ubuLamarckism ukuthuthuka kwezintamo ezinde ezindlini zasekhaya. Ngokusho kukaLamarck, njengoba izindlulamithi ziqhubeka zizama ukufinyelela amaqabunga aphezulu, izintamo zazo zanda kancane kancane ezizukulwaneni eziningana.
Ukugxekwa kanye neNgxoxo
Nakuba uLamarck ayengumqali ekusakazeni umbono wokuthi izinhlobo zingashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umbono wakhe ubhekane nokugxekwa okukhulu, ikakhulukazi mayelana nofuzo lwezimpawu ezitholwe. Ngokufika kwezakhi zofuzo zanamuhla, umqondo wokuthi izici ezitholwe zingazuzwa njengefa awuzange uqinisekiswe. Indlela uLamarck asebenzisa ngayo ifa yayingasekelwe ebufakazini bezakhi zofuzo esibaziyo manje ukuthi yibo obubangela ukuvela kwemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolelo-mbono yokusetshenziswa nokungasebenzisi iye yagxekwa ngokwehluleka ukuchaza izenzakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibonelo, akuzona zonke izitho ezingasetshenziswa ezinyamalalayo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, futhi akuzona zonke izitho ezisetshenzisiwe eziba namandla noma ezibusa kakhulu.
Indima Yombono KaLamarck Emlandweni Webhayoloji
Nakuba izinkolelo-mbono zakhe eziningi zaphikiswa kamuva, uLamarck usabhekwa njengophayona obalulekile emkhakheni webhayoloji yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Isibindi sakhe sokusikisela ukuthi izinhlobo zingashintsha sasiyinguquko esikhathini sakhe. Ngaphambi kukaLamarck, umbono owawuvamile wawuwukuthi izinhlobo zazizinzile futhi zingashintshi kusukela ekudalweni kwazo.
Imfundiso kaLamarck yaphinde yashukumisa abanye ososayensi ukuba bacabange ngezindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwagcina kuholele ekutheni kube nemfundiso kaCharles Darwin yokukhetha kwemvelo. UDarwin, nakuba engavumelani nendlela kaLamarck yokuzuza ifa, wavuma ukubaluleka kukaLamarck ekuqaleni impikiswano mayelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ithonya Elisele LobuLamarckism
Ngokuthakazelisayo, umqondo kaLamarck "wethonya lemvelo" ezicini ufana nezinye izifundo zanamuhla zebhayoloji, ikakhulukazi i-epigenetics. Nakuba ihlukile kwekaLamarck, i-epigenetics isikisela ukuthi indawo ezungezile ingathonya ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi zofuzo ngaphandle kokushintsha ukulandelana kwe-DNA, futhi ezinye zalezi zinguquko zingazuzwa njengefa. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yokusebenza iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunenkolelo kaLamarck yefa eliqondile.
Isiphetho
Imfundiso kaLamarck yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, naphezu kwamaphutha ayo, yaba negalelo elikhulu emlandweni wesayensi. ULamarck wayengumcabangi onesibindi owacindezela imingcele yolwazi lwesikhathi sakhe. Nakuba ehlulekile ukuchaza ngokunembile izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wavula indlela yokuba abanye bahlole imibuzo mayelana nomsuka kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuphila eMhlabeni.
Ukufunda emlandweni wesayensi, njengenkolelo-mbono kaLamarck yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kusinika ukuqonda okungcono kokuthi ulwazi lukhula kanjani nokuthi ngisho namaphutha esayensi angavula kanjani indlela yokuthola izinto ezintsha nezinembile. UbuLamarck busifundisa ukuthi ukuvulekela imibono emisha, noma ngabe akuyona yonke enembile, kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekufuneni iqiniso lesayensi.
