Izakhiwo Zomzimba Zokushintshana Nokuthuthwa Kwezinto
Ukushintshana nokuthuthwa kwezinto kuyinqubo ebalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo, okwenza amangqamuzana akwazi ukuthola izakhamzimba nomoya-mpilo, kanye nokususa imfucuza. Le nqubo ihilela izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezihlelekile kahle, kusukela kumaseli kuya ezicutshini nasezithweni kuya ezinhlelweni zezitho zonke. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile izakhiwo zomzimba ezihilelekile ekushintshisaneni nasekuthuthweni kwezinto.
1. Uhlelo Lokujikeleza Kwegazi
a. Inhliziyo
Inhliziyo iyisitho esiyinhloko ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi, esebenza njengephampu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igazi lijikeleza kuwo wonke umzimba. Njengoba inamakamelo amane amakhulu—ama-atria amabili nama-ventricle amabili—inhliziyo idlala indima ebalulekile ekupompeni igazi elinomoya-mpilo lisuka emaphashini liye kuwo wonke umzimba nge-ventricle yesobunxele, kanye negazi elinomoya-mpilo elisuka kuwo wonke umzimba liye emaphashini ukuze likhishwe nge-ventricle yesokudla.
b. Imithambo yegazi
Imithambo yegazi yakhiwe yimithambo yegazi, imithambo yegazi, kanye nama-capillary. Imithambo yegazi ithwala igazi elinomoya-mpilo elivela enhliziyweni emzimbeni wonke, kuyilapho imithambo yegazi ibuyisela igazi elinomoya-mpilo elivela emzimbeni libuyele enhliziyweni. Ama-capillary ayimithambo yegazi emincane lapho ukushintshana kwezinto kwenzeka khona phakathi kwegazi namaseli omzimba ngokusabalala. Izindonga ezincane kakhulu zama-capillary zivumela izakhamzimba, umoya-mpilo, kanye nemikhiqizo engcolile ukuthi kuhambe kalula.
c. Igazi
Igazi liyindlela eyinhloko yokuthutha izinto emzimbeni. Liqukethe amangqamuzana abomvu egazi, athwala umoya-mpilo; amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi, avikela umzimba; ama-platelet, asiza ukujiya; kanye ne-plasma, equkethe izakhamzimba, ama-hormone, kanye nezinto ezisebenza ngokushintshashintsha umzimba. I-hemoglobin emaseli abomvu egazi ibopha umoya-mpilo emaphashini bese iyikhipha iye ezicutshini lapho idingeka khona.
2. Uhlelo Lokuphefumula
a. Amaphaphu
Amaphaphu ayizitho eziyinhloko zokushintshana kwegesi. Umoya ongena ngomgudu wokuphefumula ufinyelela e-alveoli, amasaka amancane omoya emaphashini, lapho umoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni udluliselwa egazini, bese kuthi i-carbon dioxide evela egazini ikhishwe emoyeni ukuze ikhishwe emzimbeni.
b. I-Trachea kanye ne-Bronchus
I-trachea iyindlela yokuphefumula eyinhloko ehlukana ibe yi-bronchi ezimbili eziholela ephashini ngalinye. Lesi sakhiwo sivikelwe yizindandatho ze-cartilage ezivimbela ukuncishiswa kwendlela yokuphefumula ngesikhathi sokuphefumula. I-bronchi ihlukana ibe yi-bronchioles encane, ekugcineni iphele ku-alveoli.
c. Indlela Yokuphefumula
Umoya wokuphefumula wamaphaphu uvela ngenxa yomehluko wokucindezela phakathi komkhathi kanye nomgodi we-pleural ozungeze amaphaphu. I-diaphragm kanye nemisipha ye-intercostal zidlala indima ebalulekile ekudaleni umehluko wokucindezela. Lapho i-diaphragm ifinyela, umgodi wesifuba uyakhula, wehlise ukucindezela futhi udonsele umoya emaphashini. Ukukhululeka kwe-diaphragm kwandisa ukucindezela emgodini wesifuba futhi kusunduze umoya emaphashini.
3. Uhlelo Lokugaya Ukudla
a. Umlomo kanye Nomqala
Ukushintshana kokudla kuqala ngokushesha nje lapho ukudla kungena emlonyeni, lapho kuhlafunwa khona futhi kuhlanganiswe nama-enzyme okugaya ukudla ematheni, ngaphambi kokudlula emhubheni uye esiswini.
b. Isisu kanye namathumbu amancane
Esiswini, ukudla kuhlukaniswa ngamakhemikhali nangomshini kube yi-chyme, bese kudluliselwa emathunjini amancane. Amathumbu amancane yindawo eyinhloko yokumuncwa kwezakhamzimba egazini. I-villi kanye ne-microvilli odongeni lwamathumbu kwandisa indawo engaphezulu, okwandisa ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba.
c. Uhlelo Lokujikeleza Kwegazi Lwe-Hepatic Portal
Ngemva kokumuncwa emathunjini amancane, igazi elicebile ngezakhamzimba ligeleza liye esibindini nge-hepatic portal vein. Isibindi sisebenza njengesikhungo se-metabolic, sicubungula izakhamzimba ngaphambi kokuba zithuthwe emzimbeni wonke.
4. Uhlelo Lokukhipha Indle
a. Izinso
Izinso zihlunga igazi ukuze zikhiqize umchamo, zisuse imfucuza ye-metabolic, futhi zigcine ibhalansi yoketshezi kanye ne-electrolyte. Inso ngayinye iqukethe ama-nephron angaba yisigidi, amayunithi okuhlunga amancane asusa imfucuza futhi alawule amazinga e-ion egazini.
b. Umchamo, Isinye, kanye ne-Urethra
Umchamo okhiqizwa yizinso ugeleza nge-ureter uye esinyeni ukuze ugcinwe okwesikhashana, ngaphambi kokuba ukhishwe emzimbeni nge-urethra.
c. Uhlelo lwe-Lymphatic
Kusiza ukuthutha uketshezi oluningi lwezicubu lubuyele egazini futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lokuzivikela ngokusiza ukuthuthwa kwamaseli omzimba aye ezicutshini ezinegciwane.
5. Ukushintshana Nokuthutha Ezingeni Leselula
Iseli ngalinye emzimbeni line-membrane engena kancane, evumela izinto ezithile ukuthi zingene noma ziphume ngezindlela ezifana nokusabalalisa, i-osmosis, kanye nokuthuthwa okusebenzayo. Izakhamzimba nama-molecule amancane afana namagesi adlula ekusabalaleni okungenamsebenzi, kuyilapho ama-molecule amakhulu noma ange-polar esebenzisa amaprotheni e-membrane njengabasizi.
a. Ukusabalala kanye ne-Osmosis
I-oksijini kanye ne-carbon dioxide kuyasabalala kuwo wonke ama-membrane eseli ngokuya ngokuphakama kwawo. I-Osmosis uhlobo olukhethekile lokusabalala oluhilela ukuhamba kwamanzi kuwo wonke ama-membrane angangeni kahle.
b. Ezokuthutha Ezisebenzayo
Kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla (i-ATP) ukuthutha ama-molecule ngokumelene ne-gradient yokuhlushwa. Kubalulekile ekumunceni i-glucose nama-ion ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kanye nokugcina ibhalansi ye-electrolyte ne-pH emzimbeni.
Isiphetho
Isakhiwo somzimba sokushintshaniswa nokuthuthwa kwezinto siyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi egcina i-homeostasis, ebalulekile ekusindeni kwezinto eziphilayo. Kusukela ekusebenzeni kwenhliziyo namaphaphu kuya ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla ngisho nezinso, zonke izitho kanye nohlelo kunegalelo ekugcineni impilo ngokulinganisela kwezinto kanye namandla. Ukuqonda umsebenzi kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwalezi zitho kunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngokubaluleka kokuncika kwezingxenye zomzimba ekugcineni impilo enempilo.
