Izibonelo zemibuzo namafomula amaza okukhanya ku-physical optics
Izici zokukhanya
1. Ukukhanya kuyigagasi likagesi kagesi, ngakho-ke ukukhanya….
A. Akacabangisisi kahle
B. Akazizwa ecindezelekile
C. Akudingi indlela yokusabalalisa
D. Ayithwali amandla ekusakazekeni kwayo
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Ukukhanya kuyigagasi, ngakho-ke, kuyakhanya, kuyacwebezela, futhi kuthwala amandla ngesikhathi sokusabalala kwalo, njengamanye amagagasi. Ukukhanya kuyigagasi le-electromagnetic, ngakho-ke akudingi medium ukuze kusabalale.
Impendulo efanele ngu-C.
2. Naka lesi sitatimende esilandelayo:
1. Ukukhanya kuhamba ngendlela eqondile
2. Ukukhanya kuyigagasi likagesi kagesi
3. Ukukhanya kungamuncwa
4. Ukukhanya kuthwala ishaja kagesi
Isitatimende esifanele mayelana nezakhiwo zokukhanya sithi...
Isitatimende A. 1 kuphela
B. izitatimende 1 no-2
Izitatimende ze-C. 1, 2 kanye no-3
D. zonke izitatimende ziyiqiniso
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1. Ukukhanya kuhamba ngendlela eqondile.
Lesi sitatimende siyiqiniso ngoba nakuba ukukhanya kuhamba njengegagasi eliphambeneyo, indlela yokukhanya ingumugqa oqondile. Esihlokweni se-geometric optics (ukubonakaliswa nokukhanya okukhanyayo), ukukhanya kuboniswa njengomsebe ondlela yawo yokunyakaza ingumugqa oqondile.
2. Ukukhanya kuyigagasi likagesi kagesi:
Lesi sitatimende siyiqiniso ngoba ukukhanya kuyigagasi likagesi kagesi, lapho ukusabalala kokukhanya kungadingi i-medium.
3. Ukukhanya kungamuncwa:
Lesi sitatimende siyiqiniso. Ukukhanya uhlobo lwamagagasi kagesi. Wonke amagagasi, kokubili awemishini kanye nawe-electromagnetic, athwala amandla njengoba ehamba esuka endaweni eyodwa eya kwenye. Ngakho-ke, amanye amandla okukhanya angamuncwa yi-medium edlula kuyo. Isibonelo, lapho ukukhanya kuhamba kuya esibukweni sendiza, iningi lokukhanya liyakhanya, kodwa ingxenye encane imuncwa yisibuko.
4. Ukukhanya kuthwala ishaja kagesi:
Lesi sitatimende asilungile. Ukukhanya kuyigagasi le-electromagnetic, futhi amagagasi e-electromagnetic akhiqizwa ngokuzulazula kwamasimu kagesi namagnetic. Amagagasi e-electromagnetic akhishwa ngokusheshisa ukushaja kukagesi.
Impendulo efanele ngu-C.
Ukuzindla okuphelele
3. Isithombe esingakwesokudla sibonisa itshe lobucwebe ledayimane elibiza kakhulu ngoba ukukhanya okuboniswa yidayimane kuyakhazimula kakhulu. Lesi simo sibangelwa…
A. ukugqama okuphelele lapho ukukhanya kungena kusuka endaweni engaphansi kakhulu kuya endaweni engaphansi kakhulu
B. ukujiya okuphelele lapho i-engeli yokwenzeka incane kune-engeli yomngcele
C. ukubonakaliswa okuphelele lapho ukukhanya kuvela endaweni engaphansi kakhulu kuya endaweni engaphansi kakhulu
D. ukubonakaliswa okuphelele lapho i-engeli yokwenzeka inkulu kune-engeli yomngcele
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Ukukhanya okuvela edayimaneni kubonakala kukhanya ngenxa yokusabalala kokukhanya kanye nokukhanya okuphelele. Ukukhanya okuphelele kwenzeka lapho ukukhanya kuhamba kusuka endaweni enenkomba ephezulu yokubheka kuya kwenye enenkomba ephansi yokubheka. Isibonelo, ukukhanya kuhamba kusuka edayimaneni (enenkomba ephezulu yokubheka) kuya emoyeni (enenkomba ephansi yokubheka). Ukuze uqonde lokhu kabanzi, hlola isithombe esingezansi.
Uma ukukhanya kusuka endaweni enesinkomba esikhulu sokubonisa ukukhanya kuya endaweni enesinkomba esincane sokubonisa ukukhanya, ukukhanya kuyagoba kusuka endaweni evamile. Uma i-engeli yokubona ukukhanya (i) inkulu khona-ke i-engeli yokubona ukukhanya (r) inkulu. E-engeli ethile yokubona ukukhanya, i-engeli yokubona ukukhanya ingu-90o. I-engeli yokubona ukukhanya lapho i-engeli yokubona ukukhanya ingu-90o ibizwa ngokuthi i-engeli ebalulekile (θk) noma i-engeli elinganiselwe. Uma i-engeli yokubona ukukhanya inkulu kune-engeli ebalulekile noma i-engeli elinganiselwe akukho ukukhanya okubonakalayo; konke ukukhanya kuyaboniswa.
Impendulo efanele ngu-D.
4. Imibuzo ye-National Science Olympiad ka-2011 yezikole zamabanga aphezulu zase-Junior ezingeni le-Regency/Dolobha No. 39
Lesi simo esilandelayo, esiwuphawu lokuzindla okuphelele,….
A. uthingo
B. i-mirage
Ichibi elinombala C.
D. i-astigmatism
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I-mirage ibizwa ngokuthi isenzakalo sokukhanya okuphelele ngoba kule nqubo, akukho ukukhanya okuvela emoyeni okujikiswa ubuso bomgwaqo kodwa kubonakala sengathi konke ukukhanya kuboniswa ubuso bomgwaqo. I-mirage yenzeka ngoba ukukhanya kuhamba ngezingqimba zomoya ezinezinkomba ezahlukene zokukhanya ngenxa yobuningi obuhlukene balezi zingqimba zomoya. Eqinisweni, ukukhanya akuboniswa ubuso bomgwaqo kodwa kujikiswa (kugobile) ngezingqimba zomoya ezinezinkomba ezahlukene zokukhanya.
Impendulo efanele ingu-B.
5. Imibuzo ye-National Science Olympiad ka-2010 yezikole zamabanga aphezulu zase-Junior ezingeni le-Regency/Dolobha No. 30
Ukubona ukuchitheka kukawoyela phezu komgwaqo we-asphalt ngosuku olushisayo empeleni kuyisenzakalo sokuzindla ngokuphelele ngoba….
A. Inkomba yokukhanya kwezendlalelo ezingaphezulu zomoya inkulu kuneyezendlalelo ezingezansi.
B. Inkomba yokukhanya kwezendlalelo ezingaphezulu zomoya incane kunezendlalelo ezingezansi.
C. Amaconsi amanzi abonisa imibala ehlukene ngama-engeli ahlukene okubonakalisa.
D. Amaconsi amanzi aphenduka imibala ehlukene ngama-engeli ahlukene okuphenduka.
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Isigcawu esifana nokugeleza kukawoyela emgwaqweni we-asphalt ngosuku olushisayo siyisibonelo se-mirage. I-mirage yenzeka ngenxa yomehluko wenkomba yokukhanya phakathi kwengqimba yomoya eduze komgwaqo kanye nengqimba yomoya engenhla kwayo.
Ngosuku olushisayo, ubuso bomgwaqo bushisa umoya ngqo ngaphezu kwawo, okwenza ungqimba lomoya ngqo ngaphezu kobuso bomgwaqo lushise kakhulu kunengqimba yomoya engenhla komfula. Ungqimba lomoya oshisayo lubona ukwanda okukhulu komthamo, okwenza kungabi namandla kakhulu (ubuningi obuphansi). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ungqimba lomoya olushisayo kancane ngaphezu kwawo lubona ukwanda okuncane komthamo, okwenza lube lukhuni kakhulu (ubuningi obukhulu). Ngakho-ke ungqimba lomoya oluphansi alunamandla kangako, kuyilapho ungqimba lomoya oluphezulu luqinile kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi ungqimba lomoya olungezansi (oluseduze nomgwaqo) aluxinene kangako, ukukhanya kuhamba ngokushesha uma kudlula kulo, kuyilapho ungqimba lomoya oluphezulu luxinene ngakho ukukhanya kuhamba kancane uma kudlula kulo.
Ifomula yenkomba yokubuyisa emuva ithi: n = c / v, lapho u-n kuyinkomba yokubuyisa emuva, c = isivinini sokukhanya endaweni engenalutho = okungaguquki = 3 x 108 m/s, v = isivinini sokukhanya endaweni ephakathi nendawo. Ngokusekelwe kule fomula, u-c uqinisiwe ukuze uma u-v eba mkhulu khona-ke u-n uba mncane futhi okuphambene nalokho uma u-v ehla khona-ke u-n uba mkhulu.
Ukukhanya kuhamba ngokushesha engqimbeni yomoya engezansi (u-v omkhulu) ukuze ungqimba lomoya ongezansi lube nenkomba encane yokukhanya (u-n omncane) kanti ukukhanya kuhamba kancane engqimbeni yomoya engenhla (u-v omncane) ukuze ungqimba lomoya ongaphezulu lube nenkomba enkulu yokukhanya (u-n omkhulu).
Impendulo efanele ngu-A.
inkomba yokubuyisa
6. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kunobude be-wavelength obungu-510 nm emoyeni. Uma ukukhanya kungena endaweni enenkomba yokukhanya engu-1,5, ubude be-wavelength bawo bushintsha bube….
A. 680 nm
B. 510 nm
C. 340 nm
D. 170 nm
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Kuyaziwa ukuthi:
Ubude begagasi (λ) = 510 nm = 510 x 10-9 imitha
Inkomba yokubuka (n) = 1,5
Umbuzo: Ububanzi be-wavelength (λ) bushintsha bube….
Impendulo:
Ubude be-wavelength (λ) bushintsha bube ama-nanometer angu-340.
Impendulo efanele ngu-C.
7. Inhlanzi ibonakala phansi kolwandle lwechibi elicwebezelayo, ukujula kwechibi kungamamitha ama-2, inkomba yokukhanya kwechibi ingu-4/3. Uma inhlanzi ibonakala cishe iqonde phezulu kwechibi, inhlanzi ibonakala ibanga elingakanani ukusuka ebusweni bechibi?
A. Imitha eli-1 ukusuka ebusweni bechibi
B. Amamitha angu-1,5 ukusuka ebusweni bechibi
C. Amamitha ama-2 ukusuka ebusweni bechibi
D. 2,67 amamitha ukusuka ebusweni bechibi
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Kuyaziwa ukuthi:
Inkomba yokubuka kwechibi = 4/3
Ukujula kwechibi = amamitha amabili
Umbuzo: Inhlanzi ingabonakala kude kangakanani ebusweni bechibi?
Impendulo:
Ibanga elibonakalayo = 1 : n (ibanga langempela)
Ibanga elibonakalayo = 1 : 4/3 (amamitha ama-2)
Ibanga elibonakalayo = 1 x 3/4 (amamitha amabili)
Ibanga elibonakalayo = 3/4 (amamitha amabili)
Ibanga elibonakalayo = 6/4
Ibanga elibonakalayo = 1,5 amamitha
Ibanga lenhlanzi elibonakala ebusweni bechibi = 1,5 amamitha
Impendulo efanele ingu-B.
8. Ukukhanya kungadluliselwa esiteshini lapho inkomba yaso yokukhanya ihlobene nendawo ezungezile….
A. > 1
B. = 1
C. < 1
D. = 0
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Inkomba yokubuka ye-vacuum = 1,0000
Inkomba yokubuka ye-medium inkulu kunenkomba yokubuka ye-vacuum.
Impendulo efanele ngu-A.
Ukusabalala kokukhanya
9. I-engeli yokusabalala yi-engeli ephakathi kwemibala emibili yokukhanya oku-monochromatic eyenzeka uma kwenzeka….
A. ukwahlukana kokukhanya
B. ukumuncwa kokukhanya
C. ukusabalala kokukhanya
D. ukuphambuka kokukhanya
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Ukukhanya okunombala owodwa noma ubude besikhathi. Ukukhanya okumhlophe, njengokukhanya kwelanga, kuyinhlanganisela yazo zonke imibala, ngayinye inobude besikhathi noma imvamisa ehlukile. Ukuhlukaniswa kokukhanya okumhlophe kube yi-spectrum ebonakalayo (obomvu, o-orenji, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-indigo, kanye ne-violet) kubizwa ngokuthi ukusabalala kokukhanya.
Ukusabalala kokukhanya kungatholakala ngama-prism, amaconsi amanzi, noma ezinye izinto. Ama-rainbow ayisibonelo sokusabalala kokukhanya empilweni yansuku zonke, lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kusabalala khona ngamaconsi emvula.
Impendulo efanele ngu-C.
10. Imibuzo ye-National Science Olympiad ka-2011 yezikole zamabanga aphezulu zase-Junior ezingeni le-Regency/Dolobha No. 60
Uthingo luvela njengeribhoni enemibala emise okwendilinga engaphelele. Ukulandelana okufanele kwemibala emine yothingo ngezansi, kusukela kwencane kuya kwenkulu kakhulu,…
A. obomvu, o-orenji, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani
B. luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsomi, oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi
C. luhlaza okotshani, luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-indigo, i-violet
D. indigo, okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, ophuzi
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Ukuhleleka kwemibala yothingo kubomvu, ku-orenji, kuphuzi, kuluhlaza okotshani, kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ku-indigo kanye nakunsomi.
Ukukhanya okubomvu kunobude obude kakhulu, kanti ukukhanya okuluhlaza okotshani kunobude obufushane kakhulu. Ukuphambuka kombala ngamunye wokukhanya kuncike kubude bawo.
Uma ukukhanya kwelanga okumhlophe kuhlakazwa amaconsi emvula, ukukhanya okunama-wavelength amade kuphambuka kancane, kuyilapho ukukhanya okunama-wavelength amafushane kuphambuka kakhulu. Ukukhanya okubomvu kuphambuka kancane ngoba ubude bawo bude, kuyilapho ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuphambuka kakhulu ngoba ubude bawo bufushane, njengoba kuboniswe kumdwebo ongezansi. Ngakho-ke, iso lomqaphi libona ukukhanya okubomvu phezulu kanye nokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phansi.
Yonke imibala yokukhanya kothingo inesimo esiyindilinga kancane, lapho indilinga yokukhanya ebomvu iphezulu ngakho ine-radius enkulu kunazo zonke, kuyilapho indilinga yokukhanya ensomi iphansi ngakho ine-radius encane kunazo zonke.
Ukuhlelwa kwemibala ekhanyayo kusukela ku-radius enkulu kuya ku-radius encane kunazo zonke kubomvu, o-orenji, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-indigo, nonsomi.
Impendulo efanele ngu-D.
11. Imibala ekhanyayo evela kungqimba kawoyela ebusweni bamanzi ivela ngenxa yesigameko...
A. ukuphazamiseka
B. ukwahlukana
C. ukuhlakazeka
D. ukuphambuka
Ingxoxo
Impendulo efanele ngu-C.
