Ukukhula Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezitshalo
Ukukhula nokuthuthuka kuyizinqubo ezimbili ezibalulekile emjikelezweni wokuphila kwezitshalo. Zihlukile kodwa zihlobene, futhi ndawonye, zichaza uhambo lwesitshalo kusukela ekukhuleni kombungu kuya ekuvuthweni, futhi ekugcineni kuya esigabeni sokuzala. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo ngokujulile, ukuthi zenzeka kanjani, izici ezizithonyayo, kanye nokubaluleka kwazo kwezemvelo kanye nomnotho.
Incazelo Yokukhula Nentuthuko
Ukukhula kwezitshalo kungachazwa njengokwanda kosayizi noma ubuningi beseli, ngokuvamile kulinganiswa ngokuphakama, ivolumu, noma isisindo. Ukukhula kubangelwa ukuhlukaniswa kweseli okwenzeka ezindaweni ezihlala njalo, izindawo ezihlukanisayo eziqongweni zezimpande neziqu.
Okwamanje, intuthuko ibhekisela enkambisweni yokwehlukaniswa kwamaseli kanye nokukhethekile okuholela ezinguqukweni zekhwalithi esakhiweni nasemsebenzini wezitshalo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukwakheka kwezitho ezintsha, njengamaqabunga, izimbali, nezithelo. Ngokwemvelo, intuthuko ihilela izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eziqondiswa izinhlelo zofuzo kanye nethonya lemvelo.
Izigaba Zokukhula Nentuthuko Yezitshalo
1. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwamaseli Nokwehlukaniswa Kwawo
Ukukhula kokuqala kuqala ngokuhlukana kwamaseli ku-apical meristem, kungaba sendaweni yempande noma esiqwini. Amaseli asanda kwakheka ayathuthuka, okuvumela isitshalo ukuba sande ngobude nangomthamo. Ngemva kokuhlukana kwamaseli, amaseli angena esigabeni sokuhlukanisa, lapho athuthukisa khona izakhiwo nemisebenzi ethile.
2. Ukwandiswa Kwamaseli
Ngemva kokuhlukana, amangqamuzana ezitshalo akhula ngobukhulu ngokunwebeka. Lokhu kwelulwa kwenzeka lapho amanzi engena ku-vacuole yeseli, okubangela ingcindezi ye-turgor ekhulisa futhi inwebe iseli.
3. Ukwehlukaniswa Kwenethiwekhi
Inqubo yokuhlukanisa idala izinhlobo ezahlukene zezicubu ezitshalweni, okuhlanganisa izicubu ze-epidermal, i-vascular, kanye nomhlabathi. I-epidermis ivikela iziqu namaqabunga, izicubu ze-vascular zenza kube lula ukuthuthwa kwamanzi, amaminerali, kanye nezakhamzimba, kanti izicubu zomhlabathi zisebenza njengendawo ye-photosynthesis kanye nesitoreji.
4. Ukwakheka Kwezitho
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, izitshalo zakha nezitho eziyinhloko njengezimpande, iziqu, amaqabunga, izimbali, nezithelo. Isitho ngasinye sinomsebenzi othize futhi sidlala indima empilweni yesitshalo iyonke.
Izici Ezithinta Ukukhula Nentuthuko
Ukukhula kwezitshalo kuthonywa yizinto eziningana, zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.
Izici Zangaphakathi
- Izakhi zofuzo
Uhlobo ngalunye lwesitshalo lunezici ezithile zokukhula nentuthuko ezinqunywa izakhi zofuzo zalo. Izakhi zofuzo zilawula izinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, ukunwebeka, kanye namaphethini okuhlukanisa.
- Ama-hormone Ezitshalo
Ama-hormone afana nama-auxin, ama-gibberellin, ama-cytokinins, i-ethylene, kanye ne-abscisic acid adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukukhula kwezitshalo kanye nentuthuko. Isibonelo, ama-auxin ahilelekile ekunwetshweni kwamaseli, kuyilapho ama-gibberellin ethonya ukunwetshwa kwesiqu kanye nokuqhakaza kwezimbali.
Izinto Zangaphandle
- Ukukhanya
Ukukhanya kubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yendima yako ku-photosynthesis. Ukuqina kokukhanya, ikhwalithi, kanye nobude besikhathi kungathinta izinga lokukhula kanye nezinye izinqubo zomzimba.
– Amanzi kanye namaminerali
Amanzi abalulekile kuzo zonke izinqubo zomzimba ezitshalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaminerali afana ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium ayadingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe ama-molecule e-organic.
- Izinga lokushisa
Izinga lokushisa lendawo lithinta izinga lokusabela kwamakhemikhali emaseli, kanye nokuthinta imetabolism iyonke kanye nokukhula.
- Ukudla okunempilo
Izakhamzimba ezanele ezivela enhlabathini kumele zitholakale ukuze izitshalo zisebenze kahle. Ukuntuleka kwezakhamzimba kunganciphisa ukukhula nokukhula.
I-Ecology kanye nokubaluleka komnotho
Ukukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo kunomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni zemvelo kanye nomnotho wabantu. Ngokwemvelo, izitshalo zinikeza umoya-mpilo, zithonya isimo sezulu sendawo, futhi zakha isisekelo sochungechunge lokudla. Ziphinde zinikeze indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo.
Ngokombono wezomnotho, ukukhula kwezitshalo okuhle kakhulu kuyisihluthulelo sezolimo, ukulima, kanye namahlathi. Izitshalo zokudla ezifana nelayisi, ukolweni, nommbila ziwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwabantu. Izitshalo zezimboni ezifana nekotini nerabha zidlala indima ebalulekile ezimbonini zezindwangu nezokukhiqiza.
Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo kanye nezolimo kuyaqhubeka nokulwela ukuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezitshalo ngobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-hormone, kanye namasu okulima asebenza kahle kakhulu. Ithemba liwukukhulisa isivuno sezitshalo, ukumelana nezinambuzane nezifo, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Isiphetho
Ukukhula nentuthuko kuyizinqubo ezimbili eziyisisekelo empilweni yezitshalo, ezithinta yonke into kusukela esakhiweni sazo sangaphakathi kuya emandleni azo ezomnotho ezinhlelweni zezolimo. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela ezibalulekile kubalulekile ekuphathweni kwezitshalo, ekusimeni kwesimiso semvelo, kanye nokuhlangabezana nesidingo esikhulayo sabantu sezinsizakusebenza zezinto eziphilayo. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha ku-biology yezitshalo kuzobaluleka ekubhekaneni nezinselele zomhlaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zekhulu lama-21.
