Emkhathini weplanethi yoMhlaba akukho helium yamahhala kanye negesi ye-hydrogen. Kukhona i-nitrogen (78%) kuphela, i-oxygen (21%), i-argon (0,90%), i-carbon dioxide, njll. Umkhathi weVenus cishe uyi-carbon dioxide ngokuphelele (CO2 ) . Umkhathi weJupiter une-helium ne-hydrogen eningi yamahhala. Inyanga ayinawo umkhathi. Kungani uhlobo lomkhathi weplanethi ngayinye luhlukile? Kungani kungekho helium ne-hydrogen yamahhala emkhathini woMhlaba?
Ijubane lesikwele eliphakathi kwempande
Ijubane lesikwele eliphakathi kwezimpande = isikwele esiphakathi kwezimpande = v rms . Singathola i-v rms equation ngokushintsha i-Temperature kanye ne-Kinetic Energy equation zibe yizo ezihunyushwayo.
Imininingwane:
v rms = ijubane lesikwele eliphakathi kwempande noma isivinini (m/s)
k = i-Boltzman engaguquki n (k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K)
T = Izinga lokushisa eliphelele (K = Kelvin)
m = isisindo (kg)
Imininingwane:
v rms = ijubane lesikwele eliphakathi kwempande noma isivinini (m/s)
R = I-gesi engaguquki yonke (R = 8,315 J/mol.K = 8315 kJ/kmol.K)
I-NA = Inani lama-molecule nge-mole = Inombolo ka-Avogadro (NA = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol)
T = izinga lokushisa (K)
M = isisindo sama-molecule = isisindo sama-molar (kg/kmol noma igremu/mol)
Ama-v rms atholakala ngenhla yisivinini esimaphakathi sama-molecule kugesi. Amanye ama-molecule anesivinini esikhulu kune-v rms, kanti amanye anesivinini esincane kune-v rms. Ngo-1859, uJames Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) wathola ngokwethiyori ukusatshalaliswa kwesivinini sama-molecule kugesi. Ukusatshalaliswa kwesivinini sama-molecule sikaMaxwell kwasuselwa ku-kinetic theory, ngakho-ke kunembe kakhulu kuma-molecule egesi afanele. Ukusatshalaliswa kwesivinini sama-molecule sikaMaxwell kuvela njengoba kuboniswe kugrafu engezansi.
Ngo-1920, ososayensi abaningana benza izivivinyo zokuphenya ukusatshalaliswa kwesivinini kwama-molecule egesi langempela. Kwavela ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwesivinini kwama-molecule egesi langempela atholakala ngokuhlolwa kwakufana ncamashi nokutholakele kukaMaxwell.
Uma ubuningi begesi buphakeme ngokwanele, ukusatshalaliswa kwesivinini okutholakale ngokuhlolwa kwama-molecule egesi langempela akuhambisani nokusatshalaliswa kwesivinini okususelwa kuMaxwell. Ngakho-ke, ukusatshalaliswa kukaMaxwell, okusekelwe kumbono we-kinetic wamagesi kusetshenziswa i-Newtonian mechanics, kunqunyelwe. Ukusatshalaliswa kwesivinini sama-molecule egesi ngobuningi obuphezulu kungachazwa ngezimiso ze-quantum.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwesilinganiso sama-molecule egesi angempela atholwe ngokuhlolwa kubonakala njengesithombe esingezansi.
Lesi sibalo sibonisa ukusatshalaliswa kwejubane lama-molecule egesi langempela emazingeni okushisa amabili ahlukene. Igrafu yokusatshalaliswa kwejubane lama-molecule atholwe ngalolu cwaningo ifanelana nesibalo se-v rms esingenhla (ama-v rms alingana ngqo nokushisa). Ngoba ama-v rms alingana ngqo nokushisa, lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka (T2), ijika lokusatshalaliswa kwesilinganiso sama-molecule liqhubekela phambili ngakwesokudla (ama-v rms aya ngokuya ekhula). I-EA (amandla okusebenza) amandla amancane kakhulu e-kinetic adingekayo ukuze kwenzeke ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.
Kusukela kugrafu engenhla, kubonakala sengathi lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu, ama-molecule amaningi anamandla e-kinetic amakhulu kune-activation energy (EA). Yingakho izinga lokushisa liphezulu, kulapho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kushesha khona. Uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu, kulapho amandla e-kinetic ama-molecule amakhulu khona. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-molecule anamandla e-kinetic aphezulu, uma eshayisana, anganamathelana.
Isibonelo sombuzo 1:
Thola ama-rms v e-molecule ye-nitrogen (N2 ) emoyeni ekushiseni okungu-20 o C (isisindo sama-molecule e-nitrogen = 28 grams/mol = 28 kg/kmol)
Ingxoxo
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 (kg m 2 /s 2 )/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Isisindo se-molar noma isisindo sama-molecule se-N 2 (M) = 2 x 14 u = 2 x 14 gram/mol = 28 gram/mol = 28 kg/kmol (isisindo se-athomu se-N = 14 u. bheka ithebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo)
Inani lama-molecule/i-mol = Inombolo ka-Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Isisindo se-nitrogen (m) = ?
Izinga le-nitrogen rms (v rms) = ?
Isibonelo sombuzo 2:
Thola ama-rms v e-Helium (He) emoyeni ekushiseni okungu-20 o C…. (isisindo sama-molecule e-Helium = 4 amagremu/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Ingxoxo
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Isisindo se-molar/Isisindo se-molecular sika-He (M) = 4 u = 4 gram/mol = 4 kg/kmol (isisindo se-athomu sika-He = 4 u. bheka ithebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo)
Inani lama-molecule/i-mol = Inombolo ka-Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Isisindo Yena (m) = ?
Izinga le-RMS Yena (v rms) = ?
Isibonelo sombuzo 3:
Thola ama-rms v e-Hydrogen (H2 ) emoyeni ekushiseni okungu-20 o C…. (isisindo sama-molecule e-Hydrogen = 2 amagremu/mol = 4 kg/kmol)
Ingxoxo
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Isisindo se-molar/M i-molecule mass ye-Hydrogen (M) = 2 x 1 u = 2 u = 2 amagremu/mol = 2 kg/kmol (isisindo se-athomu se-H = 1 u. bheka ithebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo)
Inani lama-molecule/i-mol = Inombolo ka-Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 102 3 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Isisindo se-H 2 (m) = ?
Izinga le-RMS lika-H2 ( v rms) = ?
Isibonelo sombuzo 4:
Nquma izinga lama-rms lama-molecule e-oxygen (O2 ) emoyeni ekushiseni okungu-20 o C. (isisindo sama-molecule sika-O2 = 32 amagremu/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Ingxoxo
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K
T = 20 o C + 273 = 293 K
Isisindo se-molar/Isisindo se-molecule ye-oxygen (M) = 2 x 16 u = 32 u = 32 gram/mol = 32 kg/kmol (isisindo se-athomu O = 16 u. bheka ithebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo)
Inani lama-molecule/i-mol = Inombolo ka-Avogadro (NA) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Isisindo se-O2 ( m) = ?
Izinga le-RMS lika-H2 ( v rms) = ?
Isibonelo sombuzo 5:
Nquma izinga le-rms lama- molecule e-carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) emoyeni ekushiseni okungu-20 o C. (isisindo sama-molecule e-CO2 = 44 amagremu/mol = 44 kg/kmol)
Ingxoxo
k = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 J/K = 1,38 x 10 ‐23 (kg m 2 /s 2 )/K
T = 30 o C + 273 = 293 K
Isisindo se-molar/Isisindo se-molecular se-CO2 ( M) = 12 u + (2 x 16 u) = 12 u + 32 u = 44 u = 44 amagremu/mol = 44 kg/kmol (isisindo se-athomu C = 12 u, isisindo se-athomu O = 16 u. Bheka ithebula lezinto eziphindaphindwayo)
Inani lama-molecule/i-mol = Inombolo ka-Avogadro (NA ) = 6,02 x 10 23 /mol = 6,02 x 10 26 /kmol
Isisindo se-CO2 ( m) = ?
Izinga le - CO2 rms (v rms) = ?
izinhlobo ezithile zegesi
Manje ake siqhathanise ama-rms v ezinhlobo eziningana zamagesi:
v rms I-Hydrogen (H2 ) = 1917 m/s = 1,92 km/s (ekushiseni okungu-20 o C)
v rms I-Helium (He) = 1355,7 m/s = 1,36 km/s (ekushiseni okungu-20 o C)
v rms I-nitrogen (N 2 ) = 510,75 m/s = 0,51 km/s (ekushiseni okungu-20 o C)
v rms I-oksijini (O2 ) = 478,4 m/s = 0,48 km/s (ekushiseni okungu-20 o C)
v rms ikhabhoni dayoksayidi (CO2 ) = 407,6 m/s = 0,41 km/s (ekushiseni okungu-20 o C)
Igesi enejubane eliphezulu kakhulu le-rms yi-hydrogen, kanti eliphansi kakhulu yi-carbon dioxide. Manje qhathanisa lokhu nejubane lokuphunyuka ebusweni boMhlaba (ijubane lokuphunyuka = 11,2 km/s). Ijubane lokuphunyuka yijubane elincane elidingekayo ukuze into iphunyuke ensimini yamandla adonsela phansi oMhlaba.
Uma ama-v rms ama-molecule egesi ephindwe kayi-1/6 kuphela isivinini sokuphunyuka (1/6 x 11,2 km/s = 1,86 km/s), khona-ke kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-molecule egesi anesivinini esikhulu kunesivinini sokuphunyuka (khumbula ukusatshalaliswa kwesivinini sama-molecule esichazwe ngenhla). Ekushiseni okungu-20 o C, v rms Igesi ye-hydrogen = 1,92 km/s (> 1,86 km/s). Okwamanje, v rms yegesi ye-helium ekushiseni okungu-20 o C = 1,36 km/h (cishe ku-1,86 km/s). Lokhu kusekushiseni okungu-20 o C.
Uma izinga lokushisa liphakeme, kulapho inani le-rms liphakama khona. Uma inani le-rms liphakeme, kulapho amathuba okuphunyuka ensimini yamandla adonsela phansi oMhlaba eba makhulu khona. Lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi i-helium yamahhala ne-hydrogen kungabikho emkhathini woMhlaba.
Ubukhulu bejubane lokuphunyuka kweplanethi kanye nejubane lama-rm lama-molecule egesi kunquma uhlobo lomkhathi iplanethi noma isathelayithi enawo. Ijubane lokuphunyuka kweVenus lingu-10,3 km/s. Ijubane lama-rm le-CO2 lincane kakhulu kangangokuthi kunzima ukuthi iphunyuke emoyeni weVenus. Okwamanje, ijubane lokuphunyuka kweJupiter lingu-60 km/s, elikhulu kakhulu ngenxa yobubanzi obukhulu beJupiter. Ngakho-ke, i-hydrogen ne-helium azikwazi ukuphunyuka ensimini yamandla adonsela phansi kaJupiter.
