I-equipartition theorem yamandla yatholakala ngokwethiyori nguClerk Maxwell esebenzisa i-statistical mechanics. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-theorem ngoba ayinabo ubufakazi bokuhlola. I-equipartition yamandla isho ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwamandla.
Amandla e-kinetic okuhumusha atholakala ekunyakazeni kokuhumusha, okunezingxenye ezintathu zejubane: i-x-axis, i-y-axis, kanye ne-z-axis. Lezi zingxenye ezintathu zejubane yingakho inombolo 3 ivela ku-equation engenhla. Ingxenye ngayinye yejubane ibizwa ngokuthi yi-degree of freedom. Ngenxa yokuthi kunezingxenye ezintathu zejubane, amandla e-kinetic okuhumusha anamazinga amathathu enkululeko.
Ithiyori ye-equipmentpartition yamandla ithi amandla kumele asatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwawo wonke amazinga enkululeko. Ngakho-ke, amandla ajwayelekile ezinga ngalinye lenkululeko yi-1⁄2 kT.
Ama-molecule egesi e-Monatomic
Ama-molecule egesi i-monatomic enza kuphela ukunyakaza kokuhumusha ukuze ama-molecule egesi i-monatomic abe nama-degree amathathu enkululeko.
Amandla ajwayelekile e-kinetic e-molecule ngayinye yegesi ye-monatomic yile:
3 (1⁄2 kT) = 3/2 kT = 3/2 nRT.
Umthamo wokushisa wama-molecule egesi e-monatomic:
C = 3/2 R = 3/2 (8,315 J/mol.K) = 12,47 J/Kg.K
Ama-molecule egesi e-diatomic
Ngaphezu kokunyakaza kokuhumusha, ama-molecule egesi e-diatomic nawo enza ukunyakaza kokujikeleza nokudlidliza. Inani lamadigri enkululeko yokunyakaza kokuhumusha = 3. Mangaki amadigri enkululeko yokunyakaza kokujikeleza nokudlidliza?
Kunezingqimba ezintathu zokujikeleza, okungukuthi izingqimba zika-x, u-y no-z. Ukunyakaza kokujikeleza okuzungeze i-x-axis akufakiwe ekubalweni ngoba ama-athomu amabili akha i-molecule ahambisana ne-axis yokujikeleza. Uma ehambisana ne-x-axis, umzuzu we-inertia wama-athomu womabili = 0. Ngakho-ke, inani lamadigri enkululeko yokunyakaza kokujikeleza = 2.
Amandla ajwayelekile e-molecule ngayinye yegesi ye-diatomic yile:
3(1⁄2 kT) + 2(1⁄2 kT) = 5/2 kT = 5/2 nRT.
Umthamo wokushisa wama-molecule egesi e-diatomic:
C = 5/2 R = 5/2 (8,315 J/mol.K) = 20,79 J/Kg.K
Umthamo wokushisa wama-molecule otholakala ngokwethiyori mkhulu kancane kunomthamo wokushisa wangempela. 
ama-molecule egesi e-diatomic atholakale ngokuhlolwa.
Uma kudlidliza, ama-molecule egesi e-diatomic anezinhlobo ezimbili zamandla: amandla e-kinetic kanye namandla e-elastic potential. Ngakho-ke, inani lamadigri enkululeko yokunyakaza kokudlidliza lingu-2.
Amandla ajwayelekile e-molecule ngayinye yegesi ye-diatomic yile:
3(1⁄2 kT) + 2(1⁄2 kT) + 2(1⁄2 kT) = 7/2 kT = 7/2 nRT.
Umthamo wokushisa wama-molecule egesi e-diatomic:
C = 7/2 R = 7/2 (8,315 J/mol.K) = 29,1 J/Kg.K
Sicela uqhathanise lo mphumela nomthamo wokushisa wama-molecule egesi ye-diatomic atholwe ngokuhlola. Umehluko ubalulekile. Ama-molecule egesi ye-diatomic anamazinga angu-7 enkululeko (ukunyakaza kokuhumusha, ukujikeleza, kanye nokudlidliza), ngakho-ke umthamo wokushisa wama-molecule egesi ye-diatomic atholwe ngokuhlola kufanele ube cishe ku-29,1 J/Kg.J.
Umphumela wokunyakaza kokudlidliza emandleni okushisa kwama-molecule egesi e-diatomic nawo uncike ebangeni lokushisa (T). Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini kwenziwe ebangeni lokushisa elincane. Ukuhlolwa kwakamuva okwenziwe ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi kubonise ukuthi amandla okushisa ama-molecule egesi nawo ancike ebangeni lokushisa. Ukuze siqonde kangcono le nkinga, ake sihlole ukuhlukahluka kwamandla okushisa kwama-molecule egesi ye-hydrogen emazingeni okushisa ahlukene.
Ukwehluka kwamandla okushisa kwama-molecule egesi ye-hydrogen emazingeni okushisa ahlukene.
I-Hydrogen (H)2) kufaka phakathi amagesi e-diatomic. Isithombe esiseceleni sibonisa ukwehluka kwamandla okushisa kwama-molecule egesi ye-hydrogen emazingeni okushisa ahlukene. Inani lomthamo wokushisa wama-molecule angu-5/2 R = 20,79 J/Kg.K lisebangeni lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-250 K kuya ku-750 K. Ngaphansi kuka-250 K, amandla okushisa kwama-molecule egesi ye-hydrogen ancipha njalo aze afike ku-3/2 R = 12,47 J/Kg.K. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngaphezu kuka-750 K, amandla okushisa kwama-molecule egesi ayanda njalo aze afike ku-7/2 R = 29,1 J/Kg.K.
Ngokusekelwe kuleli qiniso, singasho ukuthi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ama-molecule egesi enza ukunyakaza kokuhumusha kuphela. Uma izinga lokushisa selikhuphukile, ama-molecule egesi enza ukunyakaza kokujikeleza kuphela. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ama-molecule egesi ashayisana, okubangela ama-athomu akha ama-molecule ukuthi enze ukunyakaza kokudlidliza. Ngakho-ke, lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zokunyakaza zenzeka ngezigaba, okokuqala ukunyakaza kokuhumusha kuphela (amazinga okushisa aphansi), bese kuba ukuhumusha + ukujikeleza (amazinga okushisa aphakathi), bese kuba ukuhumusha + ukujikeleza + ukudlidliza (amazinga okushisa aphezulu). Ukunyakaza kokudlidliza kwenzeka kuphela lapho ama-molecule egesi eshayisana.
Lokhu akugcini nje ngegesi ye-hydrogen, kodwa kusebenza nakwamanye amagesi. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi amandla okushisa ama-molecule egesi nawo avame ukushintsha ngokushisa. Izinguquko zifana nalezo ezitholwa yigesi ye-hydrogen, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi isakhiwo segesi ngayinye siyahluka (inani nezinhlobo zama-athomu eziqukethe), izinguquko emandleni okushisa nazo zenzeka emazingeni okushisa ahlukene.
Ithiyori yamandla e-equipartition ithi amandla aphelele kumele asatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinga lenkululeko. Eqinisweni, amandla engeziwe atholwa ama-molecule egesi awasakazwa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinga lenkululeko, kodwa asatshalaliswa kancane kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-equation yamandla okushisa kwama-molecule egesi, esiwathole ngokwemfundiso esekelwe ku-kinetic theory yamagesi, ithi amandla okushisa kwama-molecule ancike kuphela ku-R (1/2 R ngezinga ngalinye lenkululeko). Eqinisweni, amandla okushisa kwama-molecule nawo athintwa yizinga lokushisa (T).
Kungafinyelelwa iziphetho eziningana. Okokuqala, i-equipartition theorem yamandla isuselwa ku-classical statistical mechanics, esekelwe emithethweni kaNewton ye-mechanics. Okwesibili, i-kinetic theory yamagesi, esiyisebenzisa ukuchaza ukunyakaza kwama-molecule egesi, nayo isekelwe emithethweni kaNewton ye-mechanics. Ngenxa yokuthi i-equipartition theorem yamandla kanye ne-kinetic theory yamagesi iphuliwe, kungaphethwa ngokuthi imithetho kaNewton ye-mechanics ayikwazi ukuchaza ukunyakaza okwenzeka ezingeni le-athomu noma lama-molecule. Ngamanye amazwi, i-Newtonian mechanics, noma i-classical mechanics, ingachaza kuphela ukunyakaza kwezinto ngezikali ezinkulu.
