Izinhlobo Zama-polymer: Izinto Ezihlukahlukene Eziguqula Umhlaba
Ama-polymer ayizinto ezakhiwe ngama-molecule amakhulu akhiwe ngokushintsha ama-molecule amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-monomers. Ama-polymer afika ngezindlela eziningi futhi anezakhiwo eziningi, okwenza abe izinto eziguquguqukayo kakhulu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-polymer, indlela asebenza ngayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo empilweni yansuku zonke.
Ama-polymer emvelo nawokwenziwa
Ama-polymer angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ama-polymer emvelo nama-polymer okwenziwa. Ama-polymer emvelo yilawo atholakala emvelweni, kanti ama-polymer okwenziwa yilawo akhiqizwa ngezinqubo zamakhemikhali emalabhorethri noma ezimbonini.
Ama-polymer emvelo
Ama-polymer emvelo atholakala ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo ezisetshenziswe abantu izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ezinye izibonelo ezibalulekile zama-polymer emvelo yilezi:
1. I-Cellulose: Le polymer etholakala ezindongeni zamaseli ezitshalo iyona etholakala kakhulu emhlabeni. I-Cellulose isetshenziselwa ukwenza iphepha, amakhadibhodi, kanye nezinye izindwangu.
2. I-Keratin: Le polymer yamaprotheni itholakala ezinweleni zezilwane, ezinzipho nasezimpondweni. Izakhiwo zayo eziqinile nezihlala isikhathi eside zenza i-keratin ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yesakhiwo.
3. Irabha Yemvelo: Itholakala emanzini esihlahla serabha (Hevea brasiliensis), irabha yemvelo inokuguquguquka okungavamile futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokusebenza okuhlanganisa amathayi nemishini yezokwelapha.
4. Ama-Nucleic Acids (i-DNA ne-RNA): Ama-polymer agcina ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo emaseli ezinto eziphilayo. Akhiwa ama-nucleotide akha amaketanga amade ama-molecule.
Ama-Polymers Okwenziwa
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, ama-polymer okwenziwa abe yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yanamuhla. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zama-polymer okwenziwa yilezi:
1. I-Polyethylene (PE): Enye yama-polymer akhiqizwa kabanzi emhlabeni. Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izikhwama zepulasitiki, amabhodlela, neminye imikhiqizo eminingi yansuku zonke.
2. I-Polypropylene (PP): Inamandla futhi imelana namakhemikhali. Isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ezifana nezitsha zokudla, amathoyizi, kanye nezinto zasendlini.
3. I-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Le polymer isetshenziselwa ukwenza amapayipi, izintambo zikagesi, nezinye izinto zokwakha. Ukumelana kwayo namanzi nomlilo kuyenza ithandwe kakhulu embonini.
4. I-Polystyrene (PS): Isetshenziswa ekwenziweni kokupakisha ukudla, imishini yasekhaya, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yansuku zonke.
5. I-Polyamide (i-Nylon): Yaziwa ngamandla ayo kanye [nokumelana nokuklwebheka] (. I-Nylon yaqala ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni sesilika kuma-parachute futhi kamuva ezingutsheni nasezintweni ezahlukahlukene zezimboni.
Ama-polymer e-Thermoplastic kanye ne-Thermoset
Ngaphezu kokuhlukaniswa kwawo okuyisisekelo, ama-polymer angahlukaniswa nangendlela asabela ngayo ekushiseni. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ama-thermoplastics nama-thermoset.
I-Thermoplastic
Ama-polymer e-thermoplastic ayancibilika uma eshiswa bese eqina futhi uma epholile. Lesi sici senza kube lula ukuwasebenzisa kabusha. Ezinye izibonelo zama-polymer e-thermoplastic yilezi:
1. I-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS): Isetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwamathoyizi, izingxenye zemoto, kanye nezitsha zasekhishini. Le nto yaziwa ngamandla ayo nokuqina kwayo.
2. I-Polycarbonate (PC): Isetshenziselwa ukwenza amalensi ezibuko zamehlo, ama-CD, kanye nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi. I-Polycarbonate inamandla okukhanya aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokushaqeka.
I-Thermoset
Ama-polymer e-thermoset awakwazi ukuncibilikiswa kabusha ngemva kokushiswa nokuqina kokuqala. Akha isakhiwo esiqinile kakhulu nesihlala isikhathi eside. Ezinye izibonelo zama-polymer e-thermosetting yilezi:
1. I-Bakelite: Enye yama-polymer okuqala e-thermosetting akhiqizwa. Asetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zikagesi, kuma-switch, kanye nasezimbotsheni ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle kakhulu zokuvimbela ugesi.
2. I-Epoxy: Isetshenziswa ezintweni zokunamathisela eziqinile, ezimbozweni ezivikelayo, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe. I-Epoxy yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo namakhemikhali, ukushisa, kanye namandla okunamathela.
Ama-polymer Obunjiniyela
Ama-polymer obunjiniyela angama-polymer anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini, ezishisayo, nezamakhemikhali. Asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukuqina okukhulu kanye nokusimama. Izibonelo zama-polymer obunjiniyela zifaka:
1. I-Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK): Le polymer inokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kufaka phakathi izingxenye zezindiza, amadivayisi ezokwelapha, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto.
2. I-Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS): Yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo okuhle kwamakhemikhali kanye nokwemishini, i-PPS isetshenziswa embonini yezimoto, ye-elekthronikhi, kanye nemishini yasekhaya.
elastomer
Ama-Elastomer awuhlobo lwe-polymer olunokuguquguquka okuphezulu, oluvumela ukuguqulwa okukhulu ngaphandle kokuqhekeka noma ukuphuka. Ama-Elastomer angabuyela esimweni sawo sokuqala ngemva kokwelulwa noma ukugoba. Ezinye izibonelo zama-elastomer yilezi:
1. Irabha Yokwenziwa: Njengerabha ye-nitrile kanye nerabha ye-silicone, ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni, kwezokwelapha, nasezimbonini ngenxa yokumelana kwazo namafutha, izinga lokushisa kanye namakhemikhali.
2. I-Polyurethane (PU): Isetshenziswa kuma-foam, kuma-adhesive, nasezimbozweni. I-Polyurethane inokumelana okuhle nokuguguleka kanye nokuguquka.
Izinhlanganisela ze-Polymer
Izinhlanganisela ze-polymer ziyizinto ezidalwe ngokuhlanganisa ama-polymers nezintambo noma izinhlayiya ezahlukene ukuze kufezwe izakhiwo zezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Izibonelo zezinhlanganisela ze-polymer zifaka:
1. I-Carbon Fiber: Isetshenziswa ezindizeni, ezimotweni, nakwezemidlalo ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu kanye nesisindo sayo esilula.
2. I-Fiberglass: Isetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezikebhe, izingxenye zezimoto, kanye nemikhiqizo yasekhaya.
I-Polymer Eqhubayo
Ama-polymer aqhubayo angama-polymer anekhono lokuqhuba ugesi. Asetshenziswa kuma-elekthronikhi kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezinzwa. Izibonelo zama-polymer aqhubayo yilezi:
1. I-Polypyrrole: Isetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinzwa nasezintweni zokugcina amandla.
2. I-Polyaniline: Iwusizo kuma-antenna, izikrini zokuthinta, kanye nezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi eziguquguqukayo.
Isiphetho
Ama-polymer ayizinto ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwanamuhla. Asetshenziswa cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu, kusukela ezingutsheni nasekudleni kuya emithini ngisho nasezintweni zobuchwepheshe ezithuthukisiwe. Ngokuqonda kahle izinhlobo zama-polymer nokusetshenziswa kwazo, singaqonda ukuthi lezi zinto zibaluleke kangakanani ekwakheni umhlaba wanamuhla. Ukusungula izinto ezintsha emkhakheni wama-polymer kuyaqhubeka, kuthembisa ukutholakala okusha kwezinto eziqinile, ezilula, nezinobungani nemvelo esikhathini esizayo.
