Incazelo kanye nesakhiwo sama-polymer
I-polymer iyi-macromolecule eyakhiwe amayunithi amaningi aphindaphindayo alula, aziwa ngokuthi ama-monomers, axhunywe ndawonye yizibopho ze-covalent. Igama elithi "polymer" livela kumagama esiGreki athi "poly," okusho "amaningi," kanye nelithi "meros," okusho "ingxenye" noma "iyunithi." Ama-polymer angaba emvelo noma enziwe ngumuntu, futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke.
Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokuthi ayini ama-polymer, ukuhlukaniswa kwawo, isakhiwo esiyisisekelo, kanye nezici zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezenza abe yigugu kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezicelo zezimboni nezentengiselwano.
Ukuqonda Ama-Polymers
I-polymer iyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali enesakhiwo esikhulu sama-molecule esakhiwe ukuphindaphinda kwama-monomer amaningi. Ama-monomer ama-molecule amancane angasabela ekwakheni ama-repeating units ku-polymer chain. Le nqubo yokuhlanganisa yaziwa ngokuthi i-polymerization.
Ama-polymer angahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe kumapharamitha ahlukahlukene njengemvelaphi (yemvelo noma yokwenziwa), isakhiwo (esiqondile, esinamagatsha, noma inethiwekhi), kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba (i-thermoset, i-thermoplastic, noma i-elastomer).
1. Ama-polymer emvelo: Izibonelo zifaka phakathi amaprotheni, i-cellulose, kanye nerabha yemvelo. Atholakala emvelweni futhi akhiqizwa izinto eziphilayo ngezinqubo zebhayoloji.
2. Ama-Polymer Okwenziwa: Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, kanye ne-polyvinyl chloride. Zenziwa emalabhorethri noma ezimbonini kusetshenziswa amasu okulungisa amakhemikhali.
Isakhiwo se-Polymer
Ama-polymer angaba nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ezithinta izakhiwo zawo. Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezakhiwo ziqondile, zihlanganisiwe, kanye nenethiwekhi (noma zinobukhulu obuthathu).
1. Ama-Linear Polymers: Kuma-linear polymers, ama-monomer ahlangana ukuze akhe amaketanga amade, aqondile. Lawa ma-polymers avame ukuncibilika kwezinye izinyibilikisi futhi abonisa izakhiwo ze-thermoplastic, okusho ukuthi angancibilika futhi aphinde abumbeke. Izibonelo zama-linear polymers zifaka phakathi i-polyethylene ne-polypropylene.
2. Ama-Polymer Anegatsha: Izakhiwo ze-polymer ezinamagatsha zakhiwe uchungechunge oluyinhloko olunamagatsha anamathele. Lawa magatsha athinta ubuningi kanye nokucwebezela kwe-polymer. Isibonelo se-polymer enamagatsha yi-amylopectin kusitashi, enikeza i-viscosity ephansi kusisombululo.
3. Ama-Polymer eNethiwekhi noma Anezinhlangothi Ezintathu (3D): Lapha, amaketanga e-polymer akha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ngokuxhumanisa phakathi kwamaketanga. Lawa ma-polymer enethiwekhi ngokuvamile aqinile, aqinile, futhi awakwazi ukuncibilikiswa kabusha uma esenziwe. Izibonelo zama-polymer anezinhlangothi ezintathu yi-epoxy resin kanye ne-bakelite.
Ukuhlukaniswa Okusekelwe Ezimpahleni Ezibonakalayo
1. Ama-Thermoplastic: Ama-polymer angathanjiswa ngokushisa futhi aqiniswe ngokupholisa. Angashintshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yizakhiwo zawo eziyinhloko. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-polyethylene ne-polystyrene.
2. Ukusetha i-thermosetting: Lawa ma-polymer ashintsha njalo amakhemikhali uma eshiswa okokuqala futhi awakwazi ukuthanjiswa ngokuphinda ashiswe. Ngokuvamile aqinile futhi amelana nokushisa kakhulu kune-thermoplastics. Izibonelo zama-thermoset yi-Bakelite ne-melamine.
3. Ama-Elastomer: Ama-Elastomer angama-polymer anokunwebeka okuphezulu, akwazi ukubuyela esimweni sawo sokuqala ngemva kokususwa kokucindezeleka noma ukuguquka. Irabha yemvelo kanye ne-silicone kuyizibonelo zama-elastomer.
Izakhiwo Zamakhemikhali Nezomzimba Zama-Polymers
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zama-polymer zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Ezinye zezakhiwo ezibalulekile zifaka:
1. Ubuningi: Kuthinta isisindo namandla ezinto zokwakha. Ama-polymer anobukhulu obuphansi ngokuvamile alula futhi aguquguquka kalula.
2. Indawo Yokuncibilika Nendawo Yokubila: Izinga lokushisa lapho i-polymer iqala ukuncibilika noma ukubila khona linikeza inkomba yokuqina kokushisa kwe-polymer.
3. Amandla Okusebenza: Kuhlanganisa amandla okubamba, ukumelana nokushayisana, ubulukhuni, kanye nokunwebeka. Lezi zakhiwo zinquma ikhono le-polymer lokubekezelela imithwalo kanye nengcindezi.
4. Ukumelana Nokushisa Nomlilo: Amanye ama-polymer aklanyelwe ukumelana nezimo zokushisa eziphakeme ngaphandle kokubola noma ukusha.
5. Ukumelana Namakhemikhali: Amandla e-polymer okumelana nokuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali avela kuma-ejenti ahlukahlukene (njenge-acid, ama-alkali, kanye nezinyibilikisi) ngaphandle kokushintsha izakhiwo noma isakhiwo.
Izicelo ze-Polymer
Ngenxa yokwehlukahluka kwezakhiwo zawo, ama-polymer asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo:
1. Imboni Yepulasitiki: Ama-polymer e-thermoplastic afana ne-polyethylene ne-polypropylene asetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yepulasitiki kusukela emabhodleleni nasezikhwameni kuya ezingxenyeni zezimoto.
2. Ezokwelapha: Ama-polymer ahambisana ne-bio njenge-polyethylene glycol kanye ne-poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) asetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha njengezimila, amadivayisi ezokwelapha, kanye nemithi ekhishwa njalo.
3. Izindwangu: Imicu ye-polymer efana ne-nylon, i-polyester, ne-acrylic isetshenziselwa ukwenza izindwangu, izingubo, nezinye izinto zendwangu.
4. Ukupakisha: Ama-polymer aguquguqukayo futhi aqinile njenge-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) kanye ne-polyethylene terephthalate (PET) avame ukusetshenziselwa ukupakisha ukudla, iziphuzo, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yabathengi.
5. Ama-elekthronikhi: Ama-polymer aqhubayo ayathuthukiswa ukuze asetshenziswe kuma-elekthronikhi aguquguqukayo, amaseli elanga, kanye namabhethri.
Ekuphetheni, ama-polymer ayizinto eziwusizo nezinemisebenzi eminingi ezisekela ubuchwepheshe nemikhiqizo eminingi esiyisebenzisa nsuku zonke. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe be-polymer, singalindela ukuthi lezi zinto ziqhubeke nokudlala indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kwezimboni kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi.
I-Penutup
Ama-polymer ayizinto ezithakazelisayo ezinezakhiwo nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene, ezivumela ukuthi zisetshenziswe ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, kusukela kumapulasitiki avamile kuya kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe. Ukuqonda kahle isakhiwo nezakhiwo zama-polymer kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezisebenza kahle nezisimeme.
