UMthetho kaBoyle, UMthetho kaCharles kanye noMthetho kaG. Lussac

UMthetho kaBoyle, UMthetho kaCharles kanye noMthetho kaG. Lussac

Umthetho kaBoyle

URobert Boyle (1627–1691) wenza izivivinyo zokuphenya ubudlelwano obulinganiselwe phakathi komfutho wegesi kanye nomthamo. Lokhu kuhlola kwakuhilela ukubeka inani elithile legesi esitsheni esivaliwe. Ngokwesilinganiso esihle, wathola ukuthi uma izinga lokushisa legesi ligcinwa lingaguquguquki, khona-ke njengoba umfutho wegesi ukhuphuka, umthamo wegesi uyancipha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, njengoba umfutho wegesi uncipha, umthamo wegesi uyanda. Umfutho wegesi ulingana nomthamo wegesi. Lobu budlelwano baziwa ngokuthi uMthetho kaBoyle . Ngokwezibalo:

Umthetho kaBoyle ungabhalwa kanje:

I-PV = engaguquki → isibalo 1

P ₁ V ₁ = P ₂ V ₂ → isibalo 2

Incazelo yesibalo 1 iwukuthi ekushiseni okungaguquki (T), uma ingcindezi (P) yegesi ishintsha, ivolumu (V) yegesi nayo iyashintsha ukuze umkhiqizo wokucindezela kanye nevolumu uhlale ungaguquki. Uma ingcindezi yegesi ikhuphuka, ivolumu yegesi iyancipha noma okuphambene nalokho, uma ingcindezi yegesi iyancipha, ivolumu yegesi iyanda, ukuze umkhiqizo wokucindezela kanye nevolumu uhlale ungaguquki.

Igrafu ebonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwevolumu nokucindezela ibukeka njengalena engezansi. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwakhe, uRobert Boyle wathola ukuthi ivolumu yegesi ishintsha ngokungajwayelekile, okwenza umugqa osegrafuni ubonakale ugobile. Ingcindezi eboniswe kugrafu ingcindezi ephelele, hhayi ingcindezi yokulinganisa.

Umthetho kaCharles

Eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemva kokuba uRobert Boyle ethole ubudlelwano phakathi komthamo kanye nokucindezela, usosayensi waseFrance uJacques Charles (1746–1823) wahlola ubudlelwano phakathi kokushisa kanye nomthamo wegesi. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwakhe, wathola ukuthi uma umfutho wegesi uhlala ungaguquki, khona-ke njengoba izinga lokushisa legesi likhuphuka, umthamo nawo uyakhuphuka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, njengoba izinga lokushisa legesi lehla, umthamo nawo uyancipha.

Izinguquko kumthamo wegesi ngenxa yezinguquko zokushisa zenzeka njalo, ngakho umugqa okule grafu ubonakala uqondile. Uma umugqa okugrafu udwetshwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ubuzohlangana ne-axis cishe ku--273 ^° C.

Ngokusekelwe ezivivinyweni eziningi ezenziwe, kutholakale ukuthi nakuba ubukhulu bokushintsha kwevolumu yegesi ngayinye buhlukile, kodwa uma umugqa kugrafu ye-V-T udonswa ekushiseni okuphansi, umugqa uhlala uhlangana ne-axis cishe ku--273 ^o C. Singasho ukuthi uma igesi ipholisiwe ku--273 ^o C, ivolumu yegesi = 0. Uma igesi ipholisiwe futhi kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa layo lingaphansi kuka--273 ^o C, ivolumu yegesi izoba nenani elibi, into engenakwenzeka.

Ngakho-ke -273 ^oI-C yizinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu elingafinyelelwa. Ngoba umugqa uhlangana ne-axis cishe ku-‐273 ^oC-ke ngokuvumelana kwabo bobabili, kwatholakala ukuthi izinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu elingafinyelelwa lalingu-273,15 ^oC. ‐273,15 ^oI-C ibizwa ngokuthi izinga lokushisa eliphelele le-zero futhi isetshenziswa njengereferensi yesilinganiso esiphelele, esaziwa nangokuthi isikali se-Kelvin. I-Kelvin iqanjwe ngegama likaLord Kelvin (1824–1907), isazi sefiziksi saseBrithani. Kulesi sikali, izinga lokushisa livezwa nge-Kelvin (K), hhayi ngamadigri e-Kelvin (^oK). Ibanga eliphakathi kwamadigri lifana nelesikalini seCelsius. 0 K = ‐273,15 ^oC kanye no-273,15 K = 0 ^oC.

Izinga lokushisa esikalini se-Celsius lingaguqulwa libe isikali se-Kelvin ngokungeza u-273,15, izinga lokushisa esikalini se-Kelvin lingaguqulwa libe isikali se-Celsius ngokususa u-273,15. Ngokwezibalo:

T (K) = T ( ^o C) + 273,15

T ( ^o C) = T (K) - 273,15

Imininingwane:

T = Izinga lokushisa

K = uKelvin

C = Celsius

Uma izinga lokushisa livezwa ngesikali sikaKelvin khona-ke igrafu engenhla izobukeka njengesithombe esingezansi.

Ngokusekelwe kule grafu, kungaphethwa ngokuthi ngokucindezela okungaguquki, ivolumu yegesi ihlala ilingana ngqo nokushisa okuphelele. Uma izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi likhuphuka, ivolumu nayo iyanda; ngokuphambene nalokho, uma izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi liyancipha, ivolumu nayo iyancipha. Lobu budlelwano baziwa ngokuthi umthetho kaCharles. Ngokwezibalo, kubhalwe kanje:

Ivolumu ∝ Izinga Lokushisa → Ukucindezela okungaguquki

V ∝ T → P engaguquki

Umthetho kaCharles ungabhalwa kanje:

Incazelo yesibalo 1 ukuthi ekucindezelweni okungaguquki (P), uma izinga lokushisa eliphelele (T) legesi lishintsha, ivolumu (V) yegesi nayo iyashintsha ukuze umphumela wokuqhathanisa phakathi kwezinga lokushisa eliphelele kanye nevolumu uhlale ungaguquki. Uma izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi likhuphuka, ivolumu yegesi nayo iyakhuphuka, noma okuphambene nalokho, uma izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi liyancipha, ivolumu yegesi nayo iyancipha, ukuze umphumela wokuqhathanisa phakathi kwezinga lokushisa kanye nevolumu uhlale ungaguquki. Okushiwo izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi izinga lokushisa legesi elivezwa esikalini sikaKelvin. Uma izinga lokushisa lisesesikalini sikaCelsius, bese uliguqula libe isikali sikaKelvin kuqala.

Umthetho kaGay-Lussac

UJoseph Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) wenza ucwaningo wathola ukuthi uma umthamo wegesi ugcinwa ungaguquguquki, njengoba umfutho wegesi ukhuphuka, izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi nalo liyakhuphuka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, njengoba umfutho wegesi uncipha, izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi nalo liyancipha. Uma umfutho ungaguquguquki, umfutho wegesi ulingana ngqo nokushisa okuphelele kwegesi. Lobu budlelwano bubizwa ngokuthi uMthetho kaGay-Lussac. Ngokwezibalo:

Ingcindezi ∝ Izinga Lokushisa → Ivolumu engaguquki

P ∝ T → V engaguquki

Umthetho kaGay-Lussac ungabhalwa kanje:

Incazelo yesibalo 1 iwukuthi ngevolumu engaguquki (V), uma ingcindezi (P) yegesi ishintsha, izinga lokushisa eliphelele (T) legesi nalo liyashintsha ukuze umphumela wokuqhathanisa phakathi kwengcindezi kanye nokushisa okuphelele uhlale ungaguquki. Ngamanye amazwi, uma ingcindezi yegesi ikhuphuka, izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi nalo liyakhuphuka, noma ngokuphambene nalokho, uma ingcindezi yegesi yehla, izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi nalo liyancipha, ukuze ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwengcindezi kanye nokushisa kuhlale kungaguquki.

Okushiwo izinga lokushisa eliphelele legesi izinga lokushisa legesi elivezwa esikalini sikaKelvin. Uma izinga lokushisa lisesesikalini sikaCelsius, bese uliguqula libe isikali sikaKelvin kuqala.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umthetho kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles, kanye nomthetho kaGay-Lussac unikeza imiphumela enembile uma ingcindezi yegesi kanye nobuningi bayo bungekho phezulu kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mithetho emithathu isebenza kuphela kumagesi azingashisi kakhulu.

Ngokusekelwe kuleli qiniso, kungaphethwa ngokuthi umthetho kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles, kanye nomthetho kaGay-Lussac awukwazi ukusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimo zegesi. Ngenxa yokuthi azikwazi ukusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izimo zegesi zangempela, sidinga umqondo wegesi efanelekile, noma igesi ephelele. Le gesi efanelekile ayikho empilweni yansuku zonke. Igesi efanelekile iyimodeli efanelekile kuphela, efana nemibono yomzimba oqinile kanye noketshezi olufanele. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi imithetho emithathu yegesi engenhla isebenza ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo zegesi efanelekile.

Ekuxazululeni izinkinga zomthetho wegesi, izinga lokushisa kumele livezwe esikalini sikaKelvin. Uma ingcindezi yegesi iseyingcindezi yokulinganisa, yiguqule ibe yingcindezi ephelele kuqala. Ingcindezi ephelele = ingcindezi yomoya + ingcindezi yokulinganisa u-r.