Imfundiso ye-Kinetic yamagesi

Imfundiso ye-Kinetic yamagesi ithi yonke into yakhiwe ngama-athomu noma ama-molecule, futhi lawa ma-athomu noma ama-molecule ahamba ngokungahleliwe, ngokuqhubekayo. Le nkolelo-mbono ye-kinetic ifanelana nesimo nezimo zama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha igesi. Amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha igesi abuthakathaka kakhulu, ngakho-ke ama-athomu noma ama-molecule angahamba ngokukhululeka.

Uma uhamba, ama-athomu noma ama-molecule anejubane. Ama-athomu noma ama-molecule nawo anesisindo. Ngenxa yokuthi anesisindo (m) kanye nesivinini (v), ama-athomu noma ama-molecule anamandla e-kinetic (EK) kanye ne-momentum (p). Amandla e-Kinetic : EK = 1⁄2 mv² . Nakuba umfutho : p = m v. Ngaphezu kwamandla e-kinetic kanye nomfutho, kukhona namandla (F). Uma uhamba ngokukhululeka, ukushayisana kwenzeka ngokungenakugwenywa. Ngakho amandla avela ngenxa yokushintsha komfutho lapho kwenzeka ukushayisana. Khumbula ingxoxo mayelana nomfutho kanye nomfutho. Amandla e-kinetic, umfutho, kanye namandla omfutho kuyingqikithi yengxoxo yethu ezintweni ezishintshashintshayo (imithetho kaNewton, umfutho, kanye nomfutho). Singasho ukuthi inkolelo-mbono ye-kinetic yamagesi empeleni isebenzisa isayensi ye-dynamics ezingeni le-athomu noma lama-molecule wezinto zegesi.

Umqondo Wegesi Ofanele (osekelwe ezimpahleni ezinkulu zamagesi)

Ekuxoxweni ngemithetho yegesi, kwachazwa amanani amathathu achaza izakhiwo ezinkulu zamagesi angempela. Lawa manani amathathu yi-Temperature (T), i-Volume (V), kanye ne-Pressure (P). Ubudlelwano phakathi kwala manani amathathu amakhulu buvezwa ku-Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, kanye ne-Gay-Lussac's Law. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le mithetho emithathu isebenza kuphela kumagesi angempela anomfutho ophansi kanye nobuningi (ubuningi = isisindo / ivolumu). Le mithetho emithathu isebenza kuphela kumagesi angempela amazinga okushisa angasondeli ezingeni lawo lokubila.

Umthetho kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles, kanye nomthetho kaGay-Lussac awusebenzi kuzo zonke izimo zangempela zegesi, ngakho-ke singakha imodeli yegesi efanele. Amagesi afanele awakho empilweni yansuku zonke; amane nje ayizimo eziphelele ezidalwe ngamabomu ukusiza ekuhlaziyeni kwethu, afana nemizimba eqinile kanye noketshezi olufanele. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukuthi umthetho kaBoyle, umthetho kaCharles, kanye nomthetho kaGay-Lussac kusebenza kuzo zonke izimo zegesi ezifanele. Ukuba khona kwemodeli yegesi efanele kusisiza sihlole ubudlelwano phakathi kobuningi begesi obukhulu.

Umthetho wegesi ofanele uchazwa ngezilinganiso ezimbili, okuyi-PV = nRT (umthetho wegesi ofanele kuma-moles) kanye ne-PV = NkT (umthetho wegesi ofanele kuma-molecule). Sicabanga ukuthi igesi efanelekile iyahlangabezana nazo zombili lezi zilinganiso. Ngamanye amazwi, umthetho wegesi ofanele usebenza kuzo zonke izimo zegesi ezifanelekile, kokubili lapho ingcindezi noma ubuningi begesi efanelekile bukhulu kakhulu nalapho izinga lokushisa legesi efanelekile liseduze nendawo yokubila. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umthetho wegesi ofanele awusebenzi kuzo zonke izimo zegesi zangempela. Umthetho wegesi ofanele usebenza kuphela lapho ingcindezi nobuningi begesi yangempela kungekukhulu kakhulu. Umthetho wegesi ofanele usebenza futhi kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa legesi langempela lingasondele endaweni yokubila. Ngokusekelwe kule ncazelo emfushane, singasho ukuthi amagesi angempela anezakhiwo ezifanayo namagesi afanelekile kuphela lapho ubuningi nokucindezela kwegesi langempela kungekukhulu kakhulu nalapho izinga lokushisa legesi langempela lingasondele endaweni yokubila.

Umqondo wegesi ofanele ochazwe ngenhla uhlolwa ngombono we-macroscopic. Nakuba igesi efanelekile iyimodeli efanelekile kuphela, isabhekwa njengegesi eyakhiwe ama-athomu noma ama-molecule ahamba ngokukhululeka. Ngakho-ke, kungaba wusizo ukuxoxa ngomqondo wegesi ofanele ngombono we-microscopic.

Umqondo Wegesi Ofanele (osekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane zamagesi)

Okulandelayo incazelo emfushane echaza izimo ezincane kakhulu zegesi efanelekile, esekelwe ku-Kinetic Theory of Gases:

1. Igesi efanelekile yakhiwa izinhlayiya, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-molecule. Inani lama-molecule likhulu kakhulu. Ama-molecule egesi efanelekile angaba ne-athomu elilodwa noma ama-athomu amaningana. I-molecule ngayinye inesisindo (m) futhi ihamba ngokungahleliwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngesivinini esithile (v).

2. Ibanga eliphakathi kwe-molecule ngayinye likhulu kunobubanzi be-molecule ngayinye.

3. Lawa ma-molecule alalela imithetho yokunyakaza futhi asebenzisana lapho kwenzeka ukushayisana.

4. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwama-molecule noma phakathi kwama-molecule nezindonga zesitsha kungqubuzana okunwebeka ngokuphelele futhi ukungqubuzana ngakunye kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.

Ekungqubuzaneni okunwebeka ngokuphelele, umthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla uyasebenza (amandla ngaphambi kokungqubuzana = amandla ngemva kokungqubuzana) kanye nomthetho wokulondolozwa kwamandla (umfutho ngaphambi kokungqubuzana = umfutho ngemva kokungqubuzana).

Isibuyekezo Sokungqubuzana Kweziphazamiso se-Kinetic Theory of Gases

Buyekeza ubudlelwano obulinganiselwe phakathi kwenani elikhulu nelincane legesi. Inani elichaza izakhiwo ezinkulu zegesi izinga lokushisa (T), ivolumu (V), kanye nokucindezela (P). Okwamanje, inani elichaza izakhiwo ezincane zegesi yijubane noma ijubane (v), umfutho (p), amandla (F), kanye namandla e-kinetic (EK) ama-athomu noma ama-molecule akha igesi.

Ukuze kutholakale lobu budlelwano, ake sicabangele inani lama-molecule egesi esitsheni esivaliwe. Ubude obuseceleni bebhokisi bungu-l kanti indawo yalo enqamulayo ingu-A.

Ama-molecule anesisindo (m) futhi uma ehamba anesivinini (v). Ngenxa yokuthi isitsha sivaliwe, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokushayisana phakathi kwama-molecule nezindonga zesitsha esinendawo engaphezulu A.

Ukuze kube lula ukuhlaziya, simane sicabangele ukushayisana okwenzeka odongeni lwesobunxele (udonga oluhambisana ne-z-axis). Okokuqala, ake sicabangele ukushayisana okuhlangatshezwa yi-molecule eyodwa. Ake sikubize ngokuthi i-molecule 1. Ubunzima be-molecule 1 = m₁ kanye nesivinini sokunyakaza = v₁. Isiqondiso sokunyakaza ngakwesobunxele sisethwe enanini elibi, kuyilapho isiqondiso sokunyakaza ngakwesokudla sisethwe enanini elihle.

Singacabanga ukuthi ngaphambi kokushaya udonga lwesitsha, ukunyakaza kwe-molecule kuhambisana ne-x-axis futhi isiqondiso sayo sokunyakaza singakwesobunxele. Ngakho-ke, kukhona ingxenye yejubane ku-x-axis enenani elibi (‐v)._1x Ngoba inesisindo (m₁) kanye nesivinini (-v_1x), khona-ke i-molecule ine-momentum (p₁ = ‐m₁ v_1x). Lona umfutho wokuqala. Lapho i-molecule ishaya odongeni, isebenzisa amandla esenzo odongeni. Ngenxa yokuthi kukhona amandla esenzo, udonga lusebenzisa amandla okusabela. Amandla okusabela avela odongeni abangela ukuthi i-molecule iqhutshwe iye kwesokudla. Ngenxa yokuthi isiqondiso sokunyakaza singakwesokudla, ingxenye yejubane le-molecule inhle (v_1x). Umfutho we-molecule ngemva kokushayisana uwukuthi: p₂ = m₁ v_1xLona umfutho wokugcina.

Ubukhulu boshintsho emgudwini ngenxa yokushayisana yilokhu:

Umfutho ophelele = umfutho wokugcina – umfutho wokuqala

isamba se-p = i-p₂ - k₁

isamba se-p = m₁ v_1x - (-m₁ v_1x )

isamba se-p = 2m₁ v_1x

2m₁ v_1x = umfutho ophelele wokushayisana okukodwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ukushayisana kwama-molecule kuyanwebeka ngokuphelele, akwenzeki kanye kuphela kodwa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ekushayisane okunwebeka ngokuphelele, imithetho yokulondolozwa kwamandla kanye nomthetho wokulondolozwa komfutho iyasebenza. Amandla kanye nomfutho ngaphambi kokushayisana = amandla kanye nomfutho ngemva kokushayisana. Ngakho-ke, ama-molecule awasoze ayeke ukuhamba (amandla agciniwe). Ijubane lama-molecule nalo alinciphi (umfutho ugciniwe).

Ngemva kokushayisana nodonga lwesobunxele, i-molecule iya kwesokudla ize ishayisane nodonga lwesokudla. Ngemva kokushayisana nodonga lwesokudla, i-molecule iya emuva kwesobunxele ukuze ishayisane nodonga lwesobunxele futhi. Njengoba ubude bohlangothi lwebhokisi = l, bese kuthi ngemva kokushayisana nodonga lwesobunxele okokuqala, i-molecule izohamba ibanga elingu-2l ngaphambi kokushayisana nodonga lwesobunxele okwesibili (2l = ibanga lokuya nokubuya). Uma uhambisa ibanga elingu-2l, i-molecule nakanjani izodinga isikhathi esithile (asibize ngokuthi i-delta t). Inani lesikhathi esidingekayo (i-delta t) ukuze i-molecule ihambise ibanga elingu-2l, libhalwa ngokwezibalo kanje:

I-Delta t iyisikhathi esiphakathi kokushayisana ngakunye. Lapho i-molecule ishayisana nodonga, isebenzisa amandla esenzo odongeni. Ngenxa yokuthi ihlangabezana namandla esenzo, udonga lusebenzisa amandla okusabela. La mandla okusabela abangela ukuthi i-molecule iphinde iye kwesokudla. Kulokhu, indlela yokunyakaza kwe-molecule iyashintsha. Ekuqaleni, i-molecule iya ngakwesobunxele (-v)_1x), ngemva kokushaya udonga, i-molecule iya kwesokudla (v_1x). Izinguquko endleleni yokunyakaza zibangela izinguquko kumfutho (umfutho wokugcina – umfutho wokuqala = m1 v1x – (‐m1 v1x ) = 2m1 v1x ). Singasho ukuthi ushintsho kumfutho lwenzeka ngenxa yamandla aphelele asetshenziswa udonga. Ubukhulu bamandla aphelele asetshenziswa udonga, ngokwezibalo:

Ibhokisi elingenhla libonisa i-molecule eyodwa kuphela. Lokhu akusho ukuthi kune-molecule eyodwa kuphela yegesi ebhokisini. Eqinisweni, kune-molecule eziningi zegesi. Ubukhulu bamandla aphelele kuwo wonke ama-molecule egesi ebhokisini ngokwezibalo:

F = F1 + F2 + F3 +….. + Fn

F1 = amandla aphelele e-molecule 1

F2 = amandla aphelele e-molecule 2

F3 = amandla aphelele e-molecule 3

…… = njalo njalo

I-Fn = amandla aphelele e-molecule 4

Inani lama-molecule likhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke simane sibhale uphawu n. n = i-molecule yokugcina.

m1 = isisindo se-molecule 1, m2 = isisindo se-molecule 2, m3 = isisindo se-molecule 3, mn = isisindo se-molecule yokugcina. m1 + m2 + m3 + ….. + mn = m (isisindo segesi ebhokisini). l = ubude bohlangothi lwebhokisi. Wonke ama-molecule kumele ahambe nge-l efanayo.

v_I-12x = ijubane le-molecule 1, v_{22 x} = ijubane le-molecule 2, v_{33 x} = ijubane le-molecule 3, v_{n2 x} = ijubane lokugcina lama-molecule. Ijubane le-molecule ngayinye lihlukile, ngakho-ke sidinga ukubala ijubane elimaphakathi lawo wonke ama-molecule. Ukuze sibale ijubane elimaphakathi lama-molecule, singahlukanisa ijubane lawo wonke ama-molecule ngenani lama-molecule. Ku-kinetic theory yamagesi, inani lama-molecule livame ukunikezwa uphawu u-N. Ngokwezibalo, ijubane elimaphakathi lawo wonke ama-molecule libhalwa kanje:

Encazelweni yangaphambilini, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ama-molecule ahamba ngokuhambisana ne-x-axis. Lokhu kucatshangwa kwenzelwa ukwenza lula ukuhlaziya kuphela. Eqinisweni, wonke ama-molecule egesi ebhokisini awahambi ngokungahleliwe kuzo zonke izinkomba. Ngenxa yokuthi ukunyakaza kwawo kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe, ngaphezu kokuba nengxenye yejubane elimaphakathi ku-x-axis, ama-molecule nawo anengxenye yejubane elimaphakathi ku-y-axis noma ku-z-axis. Ngakho-ke, ijubane elimaphakathi lama-molecule egesi = isamba esiphelele sezingxenye zejubane elimaphakathi ku-x-axis, i-y-axis, kanye ne-z-axis. Ngokwezibalo, kubhalwe kanje:

Ngenxa yokuthi ama-molecule ahamba ngokungahleliwe, izingxenye zejubane ku-x-axis, y-axis, kanye ne-z-axis zinobukhulu obufanayo. Ngokwezibalo, lokhu kubhalwe kanje:

F = ubukhulu bamandla asetshenziswa ama-molecule egesi ezindongeni zesitsha esinendawo engaphezulu A.

Ubudlelwano Phakathi Kokucindezela (P) kanye Nobuningi Be-Microscopic

Ukucindezela (P) inani elibonisa izakhiwo ezinkulu zegesi. Cabanga ngokucindezela ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni ezincane zegesi. Ubukhulu bokucindezela okukhishwa ama-molecule egesi odongeni olunendawo enqamulayo u-A yilokhu:

Imininingwane:

P = Ukucindezela

N = Inani lama-molecule egesi

m = amasa

v = Isivinini esimaphakathi sama-molecule

V = ivolumu yesitsha