Esihlokweni se-Electric Field , sixoxe ngencazelo kanye nefomula yensimu kagesi engasetshenziswa ukubala amandla ensimu kagesi akhiqizwa yishaja eyodwa kagesi, amashaja kagesi amaningana noma ngokusatshalaliswa kwamacala kagesi. Ukubalwa kwamandla ensimu kagesi akhiqizwa yishaja kagesi noma amashaja kagesi amabili kuxazululwa kalula kusetshenziswa ifomula yamandla ensimu kagesi. Uma okubaliwe kungamandla ensimu kagesi akhiqizwa ukusatshalaliswa kweshaja kagesi, ukubalwa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma kusetshenziswa ifomula yamandla ensimu kagesi kodwa kulula uma kusetshenziswa umthetho kaGauss . Ngaphambi kokufunda umthetho kaGauss ngokujulile, qala uqonde ukugeleza kukagesi ngoba umqondo wokugeleza kukagesi usetshenziswa emthethweni kaGauss.
Ukuqonda i-Electric Flux
Igama elithi flux livela egameni lesiLatini, fluere , elisho ukugeleza. Ngokwezwi nezwi, i-electric flux ingachazwa njengokugeleza kwensimu kagesi. Igama elithi flow lapha alibonisi insimu kagesi egeleza njengamanzi agelezayo, kodwa kunalokho lichaza ukuba khona kwensimu kagesi ekhomba ohlangothini oluthile. Esihlokweni se- Electric Field Lines, kwachazwa ukuthi amasimu kagesi abonakala noma aboniswa kusetshenziswa imigqa yensimu kagesi, ngakho-ke i-flux nayo ivezwa njengemigqa yensimu kagesi. Ngakho i-flux yimigqa yensimu kagesi edlula endaweni ethile, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi.
Ifomula
Ngokwezibalo, i-electric flux iwumkhiqizo wensimu kagesi (E), indawo engaphezulu (A) kanye ne-cosine ye-engeli ephakathi 
imigqa yensimu kagesi enemigqa evamile eqondile ebusweni.
Φ = EA cos θ …………. (Isibalo 1)
Uma imigqa yensimu kagesi iqonde ngqo endaweni engaphezulu edlula kuyo njengoba kusesithombeni, khona-ke i-engeli ephakathi kwemigqa yensimu kagesi nomugqa ojwayelekile ingu-0o, lapho cos 0o = 1. Ngakho-ke ifomula 
iguqulwe yaba:
Φ = EA cos 0o = I-EA (1)
Φ = EA …………. (Isibalo 2)
Ngokusekelwe kufomula yokushintshashintsha engenhla, izinto eziningana zingaphethwa. Okokuqala , ukushintshashintsha kusezingeni eliphezulu lapho umugqa wensimu kagesi uqonde endaweni engaphezulu ngoba kuleso simo i-engeli ephakathi komugqa wensimu kagesi nomugqa ojwayelekile ingu-0 o , lapho inani le-cosine elingu-0 o lingu-1. Okwesibili , ukushintshashintsha kusezingeni eliphansi lapho umugqa wensimu kagesi uhambisana nendawo engaphezulu ngoba kuleso simo i-engeli ephakathi komugqa wensimu kagesi nomugqa ojwayelekile ingu-90 o , lapho inani le-cosine elingu-90 o lingu-0. Okwesithathu , ukushintshashintsha kuncike ensimini kagesi (E) kanye nendawo engaphezulu (A). Ngaphezu kwendawo engaphezulu engunxande njengasesibonelweni esingenhla, indawo engaphezulu ingaba yindilinga kanye nezinye.
Indawo Emboziwe
I-flux kagesi echazwe ngaphambilini isebenzise isibonelo sobuso obuvulekile (indawo yobuso obuyisikwele noma obuyindilinga). Kuthiwani nge-flux ebusweni obuvaliwe njenge-cube, ibhlokhi, noma i-sphere? Ake sithi kunemigqa yensimu kagesi edlula ebhlokhini, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingezansi.
Imigqa yensimu kagesi enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihambisana nezindawo eziphezulu nezansi zomshayo ukuze yakhe i-engeli engu-90o ngemigqa evamile yezindawo eziphezulu nezingezansi. Ngakho-ke ukugeleza ezindaweni eziphezulu nezingezansi zomsebe kungu-Φ = EA cos 90o = I-EA (0) = 0.
Imigqa yensimu kagesi enombala ophuzi ihambisana nezinhlangothi zohlangothi lwesokudla nolwesobunxele zomsebe ukuze zakhe i-engeli engu-90o ngemigqa evamile yezindawo ezisohlangothini lwesobunxele nesokudla. Ngakho-ke ukugeleza ezindaweni ezisohlangothini lwesokudla nesokhohlo kwebhulokhi kungu-Φ = EA cos 90o = I-EA (0) = 0.
Imigqa yensimu kagesi enombala obomvu iqondile ezindaweni zangaphambili nangemuva zebhulokhi, yakha i-engeli engu-0o ngemigqa evamile yezindawo zangaphambili nezangemuva. Ngakho-ke ukugeleza kungu-Φ = EA cos 0o = EA (1) = E A.
Esithombeni esingenhla, imigqa yensimu kagesi ebomvu ibonakala ihamba iye ebhulokini bese iphuma ebhulokini. Lapho imigqa yensimu kagesi ingena ebhulokini njengokungathi kukhona ishaja engemihle ebhulokini, i-flux iba yimbi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho imigqa yensimu kagesi iphuma ebhulokini njengokungathi kukhona ishaja engemihle ebhulokini, i-flux kagesi iba yimbi. Ngokwekhwalithi noma ngaphandle kokubala, uma inani lemigqa yensimu kagesi engena ebhulokini lifana nenani lemigqa yensimu kagesi ephuma ebhulokini, i-flux ephumelayo ingu-zero. Ngokwezibalo noma kusetshenziswa izibalo, i-flux kagesi ephumelayo edlula ebhulokini ibalwa kanje: i-flux engenayo = Φ 1 = – EA cos 0 o = – EA (1) = -EA kanye ne-flux ephumayo = Φ 2 = + EA cos 0 o = + EA (1) = +E A. I-flux iyonke ingu-Φ = -Φ 1 + Φ 2 = -EA + EA = 0.
Ngokusekelwe ekubaleni okungenhla, kuphethwa ngokuthi i-flux iyonke edlula ebhulokini, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingenhla, ingu-zero. Kungashiwo ukuthi i-flux iyonke ingu-zero ngoba akukho ishaja kagesi ngaphakathi kwebhulokhi. Ngakho-ke, uma kungekho ishaja kagesi ngaphakathi kwendawo evaliwe njengebhulokhi, i-cube, i-sphere, noma enye into, i-flux iyonke ingu-zero. Kuthiwani uma kukhona ishaja kagesi ngaphakathi kwendawo evaliwe?
Ake sithi kukhona ukushaja kukagesi enkabeni yendilinga njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni ngakwesokudla. Imigqa emine yendilinga kagesi eboniswe imele eminye imigqa yendilinga kagesi ehamba isuka enkabeni yendilinga iqonde ebusweni bendilinga. Umugqa ngamunye uqonde ebusweni bendilinga odlula kuyo, wakha i-engeli engu-0 ° nomugqa ojwayelekile uqonde ebusweni bendilinga.
Ukushintshashintsha kukagesi endaweni:
Ifomula yamandla ensimu kagesi ingu-E = k Q / r 2 kanti ifomula yendawo engaphezulu yesiyingi ingu-A = 4 π r 2 ukuze ifomula yokuguquguquka ishintshe ibe:
Uma ukushaja okuphakathi nendawo kungu-+2Q khona-ke ukugeleza ku-sphere kungu-
Ngokusekelwe kufomula engenhla, kuphethwa ngokuthi uma kukhona ishaja kagesi ngaphakathi kwendawo evaliwe eyindilinga, khona-ke inani le-flux ku-sphere alixhomekile kububanzi noma ku-radius ye-sphere. Inani le-flux liphindwe izikhathi ezingu-4πk kuneshaja kagesi ephelele ngaphakathi kwe-sphere noma izikhathi ezingu-1/ε o kuneshaja kagesi ephelele ngaphakathi kwe-sphere.
Iyunithi Yokugeleza Kagesi
Ifomula eyisisekelo ye-flux yi-Φ = EA, lapho u-E kungamandla ensimu kagesi kanti u-A yindawo engaphezulu. Iyunithi yensimu kagesi yi-Newton nge-Coulomb (N/C) kanti iyunithi yendawo engaphezulu iyimitha yesikwele (m 2 ) ngakho iyunithi ye-flux yimitha yesikwele ye-Newton nge-Coulomb (Nm 2 /C).
