Izibonelo ezingama-27 zokuphazamiseka kanye nokusabalala kokukhanya - ukuqhekeka okuphindwe kabili
1. Izimbobo ezimbili ezincane eziqhelelene ngo-0,5 mm zikhanyiswa ukukhanya okunobude be-wavelength obungu-600 nm. Bala amanani amathathu amancane e-engeli lapho (1) ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo kwenzeka khona (b) ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo.
Ingxoxo
Ama-engeli amathathu amancane lapho kwenzeka khona ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo:
Ama-engeli amathathu amancane lapho kwenzeka khona ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo:
2. Ukukhanya oku-monochromatic kudlula ezimbotsheni ezimbili ezincane, ezihambisanayo. Ibanga eliphakathi kwezimbotshana lingu-0,6 mm. Ibanga eliphakathi kwesikrini nezimbotshana lingu-60 cm. Iphethini yokuphazamiseka eyenzeka esikrinini umugqa okhanyayo nomnyama ohlukaniswe yibanga elifanayo. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa emibili ekhanyayo eseduze lingu-0,2 mm, nquma ubude bokukhanya kokukhanya okusetshenzisiwe.
Ingxoxo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi:
d = 0,6 mm = 0,0006 m = 6 x 10-4 m
y = 0,2 mm = 0,0002 m = 2 x 10-4 m
l = 60 cm = 600 mm = 0,6 m
Ubuziwe: Yiliphi ubude bokukhanya obusetshenziswayo?
Impendulo:
3. Isikhala esiphindwe kabili sikhanyiswa ngokukhanya okunobude be-wavelength obungu-560 nm. Isikrini sibekwa ngemitha eli-1 ukusuka esikhaleni. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwesikhala esikabili lingu-0,5 mm, khona-ke ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa emibili ekhanyayo eseduze...
A. 1,00 mm
B. 1,12 mm
C. 1,40 mm
D. 1,60 mm
E. 2,00 mm
Ingxoxo:
I-Diketahui :
Kubuziwe :
Ibanga phakathi kwamabhande amabili akhanyayo aseduze (y)
Jawab :
Impendulo efanele ingu-B.
4. Ibanga eliphakathi kwezibani ezimbili zemoto lingu-110 cm. Ububanzi obujwayelekile bokukhanya okukhishwe yizibani ezimbili bungu-600 nm. Uma izibani ezimbili zibhekwa ngumuntu onobubanzi obungu-2 mm, ibanga eliphakeme phakathi kwemoto nomuntu ukuze izibani zezibani ezimbili zibonakale zihlukene...
A. 450 m
B. 2500 m
C. 3000 m
D. 4000 m
E. 5000 m
Ingxoxo:
I-Diketahui :
D = 2 mm = 2 x 10-3 imitha
Ubude bamagagasi okukhanya = 600 nm = 600 x 10-9 imitha
Ibanga phakathi kwezibani ezimbili zemoto = 110 cm = 1,1 amamitha
Kubuziwe :
Ibanga eliphakathi kwemoto nomuntu obuka izibani ezimbili (l)?
Jawab :
Ukuze izibani ezimbili zibonakale njengezinto ezimbili ezihlukene, i-engeli (i-theta) kumele ibe nkulu kune-engeli ebucayi, egcwalisa i-equation:
Impendulo efanele ngu-C.
5. Umdwebo ongezansi ubonisa ukuhlolwa kukaYoung. Uma u-d eyibanga eliphakathi kwezikhala ezimbili, u-L uyibanga elisuka emgodleni liye esikrinini kanye no-P2 ibanga lomugqa wesibili okhanyayo ukusuka emgqeni okhanyayo ophakathi, bese kuba ubude bokukhanya obusetshenzisiwe (1 Å = 10-10 m) kuyinto…
A. 3.000 Å
B. 4.000 Å
C. 5.000 Å
D. 5.500 Å
E. 6.000 Å
Ingxoxo
I-Diketahui :
Ibanga phakathi kwezikhala ezimbili (d) = 1 mm = 1 x 10-3 imitha
Ibanga ukusuka endaweni evulekile kuya esikrinini (L) = 1 imitha
Ibanga lomugqa wesibili okhanyayo ukusuka emgqeni okhanyayo ophakathi (P)2) = 1 mm = 1 x 10-3 imitha
Uhlu (n) = 2 (ukukhanya okuphakathi kungukukhanya kokuqala ngakho-ke n = 0. Ukukhanya kwesibili kungumugqa wokuqala wokukhanya ngakho-ke n = 1, n = umugqa wesibili wokukhanya wesibili)
Kubuziwe : Ubude be-wavelength bokukhanya (λ) obusetshenzisiwe bungu…
Jawab :
Ifomula yokuphazamiseka okuphindwe kabili (ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo) :
d sin θ = n λ
isono θ ≈ tan θ = P2 / L = (1 x 10-3) / 1 = 1 x 10-3 imitha
Ubude bamagagasi okukhanya :
λ = d sin θ / n
λ = (1 x 10-3)(1 x 10-3) / 2 = (1 x 10-6) / 2
λ = 0,5 x 10-6 amamitha = 5 x 10-7 imitha
λ = 5000 x 10-10 imitha
λ = 5000 Å
Impendulo efanele ngu-C.
6. Esivivinyweni ukuphazamiseka okunezimbobo ezimbili, idatha ephumayo injengoba iboniswe esithombeni ohlangothini. Ngakho-ke inani le-wavelength elisetshenzisiwe lingu… (1 m = 1010 Å)
A. 4500 Å
B. 5000 Å
C. 6000 Å
D. 6500 Å
E. 7000 Å
Ingxoxo
I-Diketahui :
Ibanga phakathi kwezikhala ezimbili (d) = 0,8 mm = 8 x 10-4 imitha
Ibanga ukusuka endaweni evulekile kuya esikrinini (L) = 1 imitha
Ibanga lomugqa okhanyayo wesine ukusuka emgqeni okhanyayo ophakathi (P) = 3 mm = 3 x 10-3 imitha
I-oda (n) = 4
Kubuziwe : Ubude be-wavelength bokukhanya (λ) obusetshenzisiwe bungu…
Jawab :
Ifomula yokuphazamiseka okuphindwe kabili (ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo) :
d sin θ = n λ
isono θ ≈ tan θ = P / L = (3 x 10-3) / 1 = 3 x 10-3 imitha
Ubude bamagagasi okukhanya :
λ = d sin θ / n
λ = (8 x 10-4)(3 x 10-3) / 4 = (24 x 10-7) / 4
λ = 6 x 10-7 amamitha = 6000 x 10-10 imitha
λ = 6000 Å
Impendulo efanele ngu-C.
7. Isithombe ohlangothini siwumdwebo wendlela yemisebe yokukhanya emcimbini wokuphazamiseka kwe-double slit S.1 kanye no-S2, amaphuzu u-A no-B ayimigqa emnyama emibili elandelanayo futhi ubude be-wavelength obusetshenzisiwe bungu-6000 Å (1 Å = 10-10 m). Ibanga eliphakathi kwezikhala ezimbili…
A. 0,015 mm
B. 0,2 mm
C. 1,5 mm
D. 1,6 mm
E. 1,8 mm
Ingxoxo
Ibanga eliphakathi kwezikhala ezimbili libalwa kusetshenziswa ifomula ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo uma sicabanga ukuthi ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa emibili emnyama elandelanayo lifana nebanga eliphakathi kwemigqa emibili ekhanyayo elandelanayo.
I-Diketahui :
Ibanga ukusuka endaweni evulekile kuya esikrinini (L) = 1 imitha
Ubude be-wavelength obusetshenzisiwe (λ) = 6000 Å = 6000 x 10-10 amamitha = 6 x 10-7 imitha
Ibanga eliphakathi komugqa okhanyayo ophakathi nomugqa wokuqala okhanyayo (P) = 0,2 mm = 0,2 x 10-3 amamitha = 2 x 10-4 imitha
Ukuhleleka komugqa wokuqala okhanyayo (n) = 1
Kubuziwe Ibanga phakathi kwezikhala ezimbili (d)
Jawab :
Ifomula yokuphazamiseka okwakhayo :
d = n λ / sin θ
isono θ ≈ tan θ = P / L = (2 x 10-4) / 1 = 2 x 10-4 imitha
Ibanga eliphakathi kwezikhala ezimbili :
d = n λ / isono θ = (1)(6 x 10-7) / (2 x 10-4)
d = (6 x 10-7) / (2 x 10-4) = (3 x 10-3)
d = 0,003 amamitha
d = 3 mm
8. Uma amaza amabili okukhanya anobude obungu-600 nm ehlangabezana nokuphazamiseka okwakhayo, kuzohluka kangakanani indlela yamaza?
Ingxoxo: Ukuze kube nokuphazamiseka okwakhayo, umehluko ezindleleni zamagagasi kumele ube yi-nλ, lapho u-n eyinombolo ephelele. Uma u-n=0, khona-ke umehluko ezindleleni zamagagasi u-0 nm.
9. Igagasi lokukhanya elinobude be-wavelength obungu-500 nm liphazanyiswe ngesikhala esincane. Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwesikhala nesikrini lingama-2 m, kanti ibanga eliphakathi nendawo yephethini ye-diffraction kanye nohlelo lokuqala lingama-5 mm, buyini ububanzi besikhala?
Ingxoxo: Sisebenzisa i-diffraction equation \( a\sin \theta = m\lambda \), lapho \( a \) kungububanzi be-slit, \( m \) kunguhlelo, kanye \( \theta \) kuyi-engeli, singathola ububanzi be-slit: \( a = \frac{{m\lambda}}{{\sin \theta}} = \frac{{(1)(500 \times 10^{-9}\, \text{m})}}{{\sin \left( \frac{{5 \times 10^{-3}\, \text{m}}}{{2\, \text{m}}} \right)}} \approx 5 \times 10^{-4}\, \text{m} \).
10. Uma amaza amabili okukhanya anobude obungu-400 nm ehlangabezana nokuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo, indlela yamaza izohluka kangakanani?
Ingxoxo: Ukuze kube nokuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo, umehluko ezindleleni zamagagasi kumele ube \( (n + \frac{1}{2})\lambda \). Uma u-n=0, umehluko ezindleleni zamagagasi u-200 nm.
11. Kwenzekani uma ububanzi bomngxunya ekuhlolweni kokuphambuka bungaphezu kobude bokukhanya?
Ingxoxo: Uma ububanzi besikhala bukhulu kunobude bokukhanya, iphethini yokusabalalisa ngeke icace kahle futhi kube nzima ukuyibuka.
12. Ekuhlolweni kukaYoung kwe-double-slit enobude be-wavelength obungu-650 nm, i-slits engu-0,1 mm ihlukaniswe ngu-0,2 mm. Iyini ibanga phakathi kwemigqa yokuqala neyesibili emnyama esikrinini esiqhele nge-1 m?
Ingxoxo: Ibanga eliphakathi kwamabhande amnyama lingatholakala kusetshenziswa i-interference equation \( y = \frac{{m\lambda D}}{{d}} \), lapho \( m = 1 \) kuyi-oda lokuqala, \( D \) kuyibanga eliya esikrinini, kanye \( d \) kuyibanga eliphakathi kwama-slits. Bese ibanga phakathi kwamabhande amnyama okuqala nawesibili lithi: \( y = \frac{{(1)(650 \times 10^{-9}\, \text{m}(1\, \text{m})}}{{0,1 \times 10^{-3}\, \text{m}}} – \frac{{(0)(650 \times 10^{-9}\, \text{m}(1\, \text{m})}}{{0,1 \times 10^{-3}\, \text{m}}} \approx 6,5\, \text{mm} \).
13. Uma ukukhanya okunobude be-wavelength obungu-700 nm kushaya isikhala esiphindwe kabili esinebanga elingu-0,3 mm phakathi kwesikhala, lingakanani ibanga phakathi kwemigqa yokuqala neyesibili ekhanyayo esikrinini esiqhele ngamamitha angu-1,5?
**Ingxoxo**: Sisebenzisa i-equation efana nombuzo 5, singathola ukuthi ibanga phakathi kwamabhendi okuqala nawesibili akhanyayo lithi: \( y \approx 7\, \text{mm} \).
13. Kuyini ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo futhi kwenzeka kanjani?
Ingxoxo: Ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo kwenzeka lapho amaza okukhanya amabili ehlangana futhi umehluko endleleni yawo uyi-multiple of the wavelength (nλ). Lokhu kuphumela ekukhulisweni kwe-amplitude yamaza.
14. Kuyini ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo futhi kwenzeka kanjani?
Ingxoxo: Ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo kwenzeka lapho amaza okukhanya amabili ehlangana futhi umehluko endleleni yawo uyi-multiple engavamile yengxenye yobude be-wavelength \((n + \frac{1}{2})\lambda\). Lokhu kuphumela ekunciphiseni noma ekunciphiseni i-amplitude yamaza.
15. Ekusakazeni kwe-diffraction nge-slit eyodwa, kwenzekani ngephethini ye-diffraction uma ububanzi be-slit buncishisiwe?
Ingxoxo: Uma ububanzi besikhala buncishisiwe, iphethini yokusabalalisa izoba banzi, futhi imiphetho yokukhanya nemnyama izohlukaniswa kakhulu.
16. Kwenzekani ngephethini yokuphazamiseka ekuhlolweni kwe-double-slit uma ibanga eliphakathi kwe-slits landa?
Ingxoxo: Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwezikhala likhuliswa, iphethini yokuphazamiseka izokhula kakhulu, futhi ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa ekhanyayo nemnyama lizoncipha.
17. Ekuhlolweni kukaYoung kwe-double-slit enobude be-wavelength obungu-550 nm kanye ne-slit engu-0,15 mm, lingakanani ibanga phakathi kwe-2th kanye ne-10th bright bands esikrinini esiqhele ngamamitha amabili?
Ingxoxo: Sisebenzisa i-equation efanayo nenkinga 5, singathola ukuthi ibanga eliphakathi kwamabhendi akhanyayo esihlanu neleshumi lithi: \( y \approx 36,67\, \text{mm} \).
18. I-wavelength ithinta kanjani amaphethini okuhlukanisa?
Ingxoxo: Ububanzi be-wavelength obukhulu buzoholela ephethini yokuhlukanisa okubanzi, kanti ububanzi be-wavelength obuncane buzoholela ephethini yokuhlukanisa okunciphile.
19. Uma ukukhanya okunobude be-wavelength obungu-450 nm kushaya i-slit ephindwe kabili enebanga elingu-0,25 mm phakathi kwe-slits, lingakanani ibanga phakathi kwe-dark bands yokuqala neyesibili esikrinini esiqhele nge-1 m?
Ingxoxo: Sisebenzisa i-equation efanayo nombuzo 5, singathola ukuthi ibanga phakathi kwamabhande amnyama okuqala nawesibili lithi: \( y \approx 1,8\, \text{mm} \).
20. Unganquma kanjani indawo yebhendi ekhanyayo kuphethini yokuphazamiseka okunezimbobo ezimbili?
Ingxoxo: Indawo yebhendi ekhanyayo kuphethini yokuphazamiseka okunezimbobo ezimbili inganqunywa kusetshenziswa i-equation \( y = \frac{{m\lambda D}}{{d}} \), lapho \( m \) kuyi-oda, \( \lambda \) kuyi-wavelength, \( D \) yibanga eliya esikrinini, kanye \( d \) yibanga eliphakathi kwezimbobo.
21. Unganquma kanjani indawo yebhande elimnyama ngephethini yokuhlukanisa enesikhala esisodwa?
Ingxoxo: Indawo yebhande elimnyama kuphethini ye-diffraction ene-slit eyodwa inganqunywa kusetshenziswa i-equation \( a\sin \theta = m\lambda \), lapho \( a \) kungububanzi be-slit, \( m \) kunguhlelo, kanye \( \theta \) kuyi-engeli.
22. Kwenzekani ngephethini yokuphazamiseka uma umthombo wokukhanya ushintshwa ngobude be-wavelength obufushane?
Ingxoxo: Uma ubude be-wavelength bufushane, iphethini yokuphazamiseka izoba nkulu, futhi ibanga phakathi kwamabhande akhanyayo namnyama lizoncishiswa.
23. Ukuhlolwa kwe-double-slit kusebenza kanjani ukukhombisa uhlobo lwamagagasi okukhanya?
Ingxoxo: Ukuhlolwa kwe-double-slit kubonisa uhlobo lwamagagasi okukhanya ngokukhiqiza iphethini yokuphazamiseka ekhanyayo nemnyama esikrinini. Le phethini yakhiwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamagagasi avela kuzo zombili izikhala, okubonisa uhlobo lwamagagasi okukhanya.
24. Chaza umehluko phakathi kokuphazamiseka kanye nokuphazamiseka.
Ingxoxo: Ukuphazamiseka kuhlobene nokuhlanganiswa kwamagagasi amabili noma ngaphezulu okuholela ekwandeni noma ekwehleni kwe-amplitude, kuyilapho i-diffraction ihlobene nokugoba kwamagagasi njengoba edlula embotsheni noma eduze kwento.
25. Ekuhlolweni kukaYoung kokuqhekeka kabili, chaza ukuthi kungani kuvela amaphethini amnyama nakhanyayo esikrinini.
Ingxoxo: Amaphethini amnyama nakhanyayo avela ngenxa yokuphazamiseka okwakhayo nokubhubhisayo phakathi kwamagagasi avela emigqeni emibili. Amaphethini okukhanya avela lapho kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo (umehluko wendlela uyi-multiple of the wavelength), kanye namaphethini amnyama avela lapho kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo (umehluko wendlela uyi-multiple engavamile yengxenye ye-wavelength).
25. Iphethini yokuhlukanisa yesikhala esisodwa ihluke kanjani kweyomgoqo ophindwe kabili?
Ingxoxo: Iphethini yokuhlukanisa yesikhala esisodwa iqukethe ibhande elikhanyayo eliphakathi elinamabhande amnyama nakhanyayo alandelanayo nhlangothi zombili. Esikhaleni esiphindwe kabili, kunephethini yokuphazamiseka eyengeziwe ebangelwa ukusebenzisana kwamagagasi avela kuzo zombili izikhala, okwenza iphethini ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ukuphazamiseka Kokukhanya
Ukuphazamiseka kuyinto eyenzeka lapho amaza okukhanya amabili noma ngaphezulu ehlangana futhi ehlangana. Lokhu kukhiqiza iphethini entsha ene-amplitude engaba nkulu noma ingaphansi kwe-amplitude yamaza okuqala.
Ukuphazamiseka Okwakhayo
Ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo kwenzeka lapho umehluko endleleni yamagagasi uyi-multiple of the wavelength (nλ), okuholela ekukhulisweni kwe-amplitude yamagagasi. Le phethini ibonakala njengemivimbo ekhanyayo esikrinini ekuhlolweni okufana ne-double-slit kaYoung.
Ukuphazamiseka Okubhubhisayo
Ukuphazamiseka okubhubhisayo kwenzeka lapho umehluko endleleni yamagagasi uyi-multiple engavamile yengxenye yobude be-wavelength . Lokhu kuphumela ekunciphiseni noma ekunciphiseni ubukhulu bamagagasi, okubonakala njengebhande elimnyama kuphethini yokuphazamiseka.
Ukuphambuka Kokukhanya
Ukuphambuka kuyisenzakalo esenzeka lapho amaza okukhanya edlula endaweni encane noma ezungeze into. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi amaza okukhanya agobe futhi asakazeke, okukhiqiza iphethini yokuphambuka ephawulekayo.
Ukuphambuka Ngesikhala Esisodwa
Esikhaleni esisodwa, i-diffraction ikhiqiza iphethini eliphakathi elikhanyayo elinamabhande amnyama nakhanyayo alandelanayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Ububanzi besikhewu bulingana ngokuphambene nobubanzi bephethini ye-diffraction.
Ukuphambuka Ngesikhala Esiphindwe Kabili
Kumngxunya ophindwe kabili, ukuphambuka kukhiqiza iphethini eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwephethini yokuphambuka kusuka kumngxunya ngamunye, kukhona nephethini yokuphazamiseka ebangelwa ukusebenzisana kwamagagasi avela kuzo zombili izingxunya.
Ukuhlolwa Okubalulekile
Ukuhlolwa Kokuqhekeka Okubili KukaYoung
Ukuhlolwa kukaThomas Young okunezimbobo ezimbili kuyindlela eyodwa yokubona ukuphazamiseka kanye nokuphambuka. Amaphethini okukhanya nobumnyama esikrinini abonisa uhlobo lwamagagasi okukhanya, esekela inkolelo-mbono yamagagasi okukhanya.
Isiphetho
Ukuphazamiseka kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-diffraction kuyizinto ezibonisa uhlobo lwamagagasi okukhanya. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-diffraction kusebenza kanjani kusenza sikwazi ukuqonda ngokujulile izakhiwo kanye nokuziphatha kokukhanya, okunezinhlelo ezibalulekile emikhakheni efana ne-optics, ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana, kanye nezokwelapha.
Ukufunda ukuphazamiseka kanye nokusabalalisa ulwazi kusiza nasekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obufana nama-microscope, ama-telescope, kanye nezinye izinsimbi zokubona, ezithembele kumaphethini okuphazamiseka kanye nokusabalalisa ulwazi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuxazululwa kanye nokusebenza kahle.
