Ucwaningo Lwezinto Zakudala Ngezakhiwo Ze-Megalithic
Izakhiwo zeMegalithic ziphakathi kwezinsalela zamasiko zasendulo ezivelele kakhulu ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba, okuhlanganisa ne-Indonesia. Igama elithi megalithic livela kumagama esiGreki athi megas (enkulu) kanye nama-lithos (itshe), okubhekisela esikweni sokwakha izakhiwo noma izikhumbuzo ngamatshe amakhulu. E-Indonesia, isiko le-megalithic alizange lilinganiselwe enkathini eyodwa, kodwa lakhula isikhathi eside futhi, kwezinye izindawo, laqhubeka laze lafika ezikhathini zomlando. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwezinto zakudala mayelana nezakhiwo ze-megalithic lubalulekile ekuqondeni amaphethini okuhlala, izinkolelo, inhlangano yomphakathi, kanye nobudlelwano babantu nendawo esikhathini esidlule.
Incazelo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezakhiwo zeMegalithic
Ezifundweni zemivubukulo, izakhiwo ze-megalithic zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene, kuye ngomsebenzi wazo kanye nomongo wamasiko endawo. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka phakathi ama-menhir (izikhumbuzo zamatshe eziqondile), ama-dolmens (amatafula amatshe), ama-sarcophagi (amabhokisi amatshe), amathuna amatshe, amaphiramidi anezitebhisi (i-punden berundak), izithombe zamatshe, ngisho ne-"temu gelang" (isongo lamatshe). La masiko avame ukuhlotshaniswa nokukhulekela okhokho, ukumaka indawo, izimpawu zesimo senhlalo, noma amasiko okufa.
E-Indonesia, ukugcwala kwezindawo ezinkulu kutholakala eSumatra (isb., iPasemah), eNtshonalanga Java (amaphiramidi anezitebhisi), eCentral Sulawesi (iBada Valley, iBesoa, neNapu), e-East Nusa Tenggara (eSumba), nakwezinye izifunda eziningana. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kudinga indlela eqondile yocwaningo ukuze kugwenywe iziphetho ezingahleliwe mayelana nomsebenzi wazo kanye nencazelo yazo.
Izinhloso Zocwaningo Lwezinto Ezivubukulayo ZeMegalithic
Ucwaningo lwemivubukulo ngezakhiwo ze-megalithic luvame ukuhlosa ukuphendula imibuzo eminingana ebalulekile. Okokuqala, zakhiwa nini futhi zasetshenziswa nini izakhiwo? Okwesibili, obani ababesekela amasiko abazakha futhi bazisebenzisa? Okwesithathu, wawuyini umsebenzi wesakhiwo empilweni yomphakathi neyenkolo yomphakathi? Okwesine, izakhiwo ze-megalithic zazihlobana kanjani nemvelo, izinsiza, kanye namaphethini okuhlala? Okwesihlanu, ingabe umsebenzi wazo washintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isibonelo, kusukela endaweni yemicikilisho kuya ophawu lobunikazi bomphakathi esikhathini esizayo?
Lezi zinhloso azibalulekile nje kuphela ekuqondeni isikhathi esidlule kodwa futhi nasekusekeleni ukulondolozwa. Izindawo eziningi ezinkulu zibhekene nomonakalo ngenxa yentuthuko, ukungenela umhlaba, ukwebiwa kwezinto zobuciko, kanye nezinguquko ekuhleleni indawo. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwemivubukulo inganikeza ulwazi ngezincomo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo kanye nokuqokwa kwezindawo zamagugu amasiko.
Izigaba Nezindlela Zocwaningo Lwensimu
Ucwaningo lwemivubukulo luvame ukuqala ngokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kanye nokusesha idatha yangaphambilini. Abacwaningi baqoqa ulwazi mayelana nezindawo zezindawo, okutholakele kwangaphambilini, amarekhodi e-ethnography, amamephu e-topographic, kanye nezithombe zesathelayithi . Le nqubo isiza ekwakheni imibono yokuqala kanye nokunquma amasu ensimu.
Isigaba esilandelayo ucwaningo. Ucwaningo lwenziwa ukuze kutholakale ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhiwo, izimo zendawo, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezici. Ucwaningo lungathatha isimo sokuhlola ubuso (ukuqopha okutholakele okubonakalayo ebusweni), ucwaningo oluhlelekile olusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola, noma ucwaningo olusekelwe kubuchwepheshe olufana nokuthwebula izithombe ze-drone kanye nokudweba imephu ye-GIS. Ezindaweni ze-megalithic, ukumaka imephu kubalulekile ngoba indawo yamatshe, ukuqondiswa kwama-menhir, noma ukuhlelwa kwamaphiramidi anezitezi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa namaphethini esiko kanye nokuhlela indawo yomphakathi.
Uma kudingeka idatha ejulile, kwenziwa ukumba (ukumba kwezinto zakudala). Ukumba kuhlose ukwembula umongo we-stratigraphic, okungukuthi izingqimba zomhlabathi kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto ezitholakele. Ezakhiweni ze-megalithic, ukumba kungenziwa eduze kwezisekelo zamatshe, ezindaweni okusolwa ukuthi ziwumsebenzi wesiko, noma emathuneni amatshe. Kulezi zingqimba, abacwaningi bangathola izinto zobuciko ezisekelayo njengezingcezu zobumba, ubuhlalu, izinsalela zeziko, noma amathambo abantu nezilwane.
Amasu Okuthandana Nokuhlaziywa Kwelebhu
Enye yezinselele ezinkulu ocwaningweni lwe-megalithic ukuqopha isikhathi. Itshe, okuyisisekelo, alikwazi ukuqopha isikhathi ngqo nge-radiocarbon. Ngakho-ke, abavubukuli bathembele ekuqopheni isikhathi sezinto eziphilayo ezitholakala ezimweni ezihlobene, njengelahle elivela ezinsaleleni ezishisiwe, amathambo, noma izinsalela zokhuni. Ukuqopha isikhathi kwe-Radiocarbon (C-14) kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukunikeza iminyaka ephelele.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwe-stratigraphic kanye ne-artifact typology kungasetshenziswa. I-Pottery typology, isibonelo, ingabonisa izikhathi ezihlobene ngokusekelwe ekufaneni kwesimo kanye namasu okukhiqiza nezinye izindawo ezidalwe yisikhathi. Kwezinye izimo, indlela ye-OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) ingasetshenziswa kuze kube yilapho inhlabathi ezungeze isakhiwo igcine ukuvezwa ekukhanyeni, okusiza ukulinganisa ukuthi inhlabathi ezungeze isakhiwo yagcina nini ukufakwa noma ukuphazamiseka.
Okunye ukuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kufaka phakathi i-petrography yamatshe ukuze kutholakale imithombo yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye namasu okusebenza, ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela ukuze kutholakale ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwemikhumbi noma izindawo zokukhulekela, kanye ne-bioarchaeology ukuhlola izinsalela zabantu. I-Bioarchaeology ingaveza ubudala, ubulili, amaphethini ezifo, ngisho nezinkomba zokudla, okuhlinzeka ngokuqonda ngezimpilo zemiphakathi eyayisekela ama-megalith.
Indlela Yokuchaza: Kusukela Emsebenzini Kuya Encazelweni
Ukuhumusha izakhiwo ze-megalithic akwanele ngokumane uchaze ukuthi "leli yithuna" noma "leli yindawo yemikhosi." Abavubukuli badinga ukuxhumanisa idatha yasensimini nemibono yabantu kanye nezindlela. Enye indlela iwukuvubukula kwendawo , okubheka izindawo ze-megalithic njengengxenye yesistimu yendawo ebanzi: ukusondela emifuleni, ukuphakama okuthile, ukuqondiswa, ngisho nobudlelwano nezintaba ezingcwele.
Kukhona futhi indlela yokucwaninga nge-ethnoarchaeological, ehilela ukufunda imikhuba yamasiko yemiphakathi yanamuhla noma yomlando esagcina amasiko amakhulu amatshe (isibonelo, eSumba) ukusiza ekuchazeni izinsalela zasendulo. Kodwa-ke, izazi zemivubukulo kumele ziqaphele: ukufanisa kwe-ethnographic akusho ukuthi kuyafana, njengoba amasiko angashintsha futhi izincazelo zemicikilisho zingashintsha. I-ethnoarchaeology isebenza njengefasitela lokuhumusha okungenzeka, hhayi "impendulo eqondile."
Izinselele Zocwaningo: Izimo Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Eziphazamisekile
Izakhiwo eziningi ezinkulu zitholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile, okwenza zibe sengozini yokususwa, ukuphangwa, noma ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamatshe ekwakhiweni kwesimanje. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kubhubhisa umongo wezinto zakudala, okubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhambisa ngisho namamitha ambalwa etshe kungashintsha ukuqonda kokuqondiswa kwendawo, ukuhlelwa kwendawo, noma umsebenzi wayo.
Enye inselele isici sokuziphatha kanye nobudlelwano nemiphakathi yasendaweni. Kwezinye izindawo, izindawo ezinkulu zisabhekwa njengezingcwele futhi zixhunywe ezinkolelweni zomphakathi. Ucwaningo ludinga ukuxhumana okuhle, ukuthola imvume, kanye nokuhlonipha imithetho yendabuko. Ukumba emathuneni, isibonelo, kudinga ukucatshangelwa okungathi sína kokuziphatha : ukuthi kuvunyelwe yini, ukuthi izinsalela zabantu kufanele ziphathwe kanjani, nokuthi zibikwe kanjani emiphakathini yasendaweni.
Iminikelo Yocwaningo Kwezesayensi Nokulondolozwa Kwemvelo
Ucwaningo lwezinto zakudala mayelana nezakhiwo ze-megalithic lube negalelo elikhulu ekwakheni kabusha umlando omude weziqhingi zase-Indonesia. Amasiko e-megalithic ahlobene nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe , ezolimo, ukwakheka kwabaholi bendawo, kanye nobunzima bezenhlalo. Kusukela ezindaweni ze-megalithic, singahlola ukuthi imiphakathi yasendulo yayihlela kanjani umsebenzi ukuze ihambise amatshe amakhulu, ukuthi yakha kanjani izimpawu zamandla, nokuthi yayixoxisana kanjani nobudlelwano nokhokho kanye nemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutholakele ocwaningweni kungasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa amasu okulondoloza aqhutshwa idatha. Ukumapha okuningiliziwe kusiza ekunqumeni izindawo zokuvikela; ukuhlolwa kwezimo zamatshe kwazisa izinhlelo zokulondoloza; futhi imibhalo yesayensi isebenza njengengobo yomlando uma kwenzeka indawo yonakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluhilela umphakathi lungakhuthaza ukuqwashisa ngokuhlanganyela ukuthi izindawo ezinkulu azizona nje "amatshe amadala" kodwa kunalokho ziyifa lamasiko elibamba ubuwena nomlando omude wesintu.
I-Penutup
Izakhiwo ze-Megalithic ziwubufakazi obuphathekayo bokusungula izinto, izinkolelo, kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi kwemiphakathi yangaphambilini. Ngokuhlola, ukumaka imephu, ukumba, ukuthola isikhathi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemikhakha eyahlukene, isayensi yemivubukulo ifuna ukwembula izindaba ezingemuva kwala matshe amakhulu: ubani owawakha, nini, ngayiphi injongo, nokuthi adlala kanjani indima endaweni yamasiko. Ucwaningo olucophelelayo, olunezimiso zokuziphatha, nolugxile ekulondolozweni luzoqinisekisa ukuthi ifa le-megalithic aliqondwa kuphela emazingeni alo ajulile kodwa futhi lilondolozwe nezizukulwane ezizayo.
