Imivubukulo Ngokwesimo Sobufeministi Nobulili
Isayensi yemivubukulo ivame ukuqondwa njengesayensi "emba isikhathi esidlule" ngezinto zobuciko, izindawo, kanye nezinsalela zezinto ezibonakalayo. Kodwa-ke, indlela esichaza ngayo lokhu okutholakele ayilokothi ingathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele. Ithonywa yimibuzo ebuzwa abacwaningi, imibono abayisebenzisayo, kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi zesikhathi sabo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izifundo zobufazi kanye nobulili ziye zaba negalelo elibalulekile ekuvubukuleni: hhayi nje "ngokwengeza abesifazane" ezindabeni zomlando, kodwa ngokugxeka izinkolelo eziyisisekelo mayelana nomsebenzi, amandla, umzimba, umndeni, kanye nobunikazi obuvame ukubhekwa njengobuvamile. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela isayensi yemivubukulo, ngaphakathi komongo wobufazi kanye nobulili, eguqule ngayo imibono yethu ngesikhathi esidlule, izindlela zethu zocwaningo, kanye nokuguquguquka komsebenzi wemivubukulo uqobo.
Kungani ubufeminisi bubalulekile ekuvubukuleni izinto zakudala?
Sekuyisikhathi eside, ukwakhiwa kabusha okuningi kwesikhathi esidlule kwakhiwe phezu kwemibono yamadoda: amadoda ayehlotshaniswa nabazingeli, abaholi, nabenzi bamathuluzi; abesifazane abanezindawo zasekhaya, ezingasebenzisi lutho, kanye "nezisekelayo". Lokhu kucabanga kuvame ukucatshangelwa emasikweni ahlukahlukene ngaphandle kobufakazi obanele. Ubufeminisi busikhumbuza ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kwezindima ngokusekelwe ebulilini akuyona umthetho wemvelo oqinile, kodwa kunalokho kuwumphumela wezingxoxo zomphakathi, ezomnotho, kanye nezepolitiki. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yemivubukulo yabesifazane ikhuthaza abacwaningi ukuba bahlole: ingabe into "ngokudingekile" eyenziwe yindoda? Ingabe umngcwabo ocebile "ngokudingekile" ungowomholi wesilisa? Ingabe imisebenzi yasekhaya ayinalo inani elincane ngokuzenzakalelayo emphakathini?
Ngokuphikisa lezi zinkolelo-mbono, ubufeministi kusiza ukuvubukulwa kwezinto zakudala ukuthi kubonakale kakhudlwana futhi kube nzima ngokwesayensi. Imibuzo mayelana nokubandlulula komcwaningi—ubani obuza imibuzo, nokuthi ubheka muphi umbono—iba yinto ebalulekile, ngoba ukuhumusha kwezinto zakudala kuhilela okungaphezu nje kokufunda idatha, kodwa futhi nokwakha indaba ngokuphila komuntu.
Umehluko phakathi kwemibono "yobulili" kanye "nobulili" emivubukulweni yezinto zakudala
Ezifundweni zabesifazane kanye nobulili, igama elithi “ubulili” libhekisela ezicini zezinto eziphilayo (isb., i-anatomy, ama-chromosome), kuyilapho elithi “ubulili” libhekisela ekwakhiweni kwezenhlalo kobudoda, ubufazi, kanye nezinye izici ezihlukahluka kuye ngesikhathi nendawo. Emivubukulweni, lo mehluko ubalulekile ngoba idatha yezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuvamile ayikhulumi ngqo nobunikazi bobulili. Isibonelo, izinto ezithile zingase zihlotshaniswe nezindima ezithile zobulili emphakathini wanamuhla, kodwa lezo zinhlangano kungenzeka ukuthi azifani emiphakathini yasendulo.
Nansi inselele: abavubukuli bavame ukuxhumanisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ubulili bezinto eziphilayo (isibonelo, kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-osteological) nezindima zomphakathi. Izifundo zobulili zisikhumbuza ukuthi lobu buhlobo abuhlali buqondile. Umuntu ohlukaniswe ngokwezinto eziphilayo njengowesilisa angenza izindima zomphakathi ezingahambisani nemibono yanamuhla yabesilisa, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Eqinisweni, imiphakathi eminingi iqaphela izigaba zobulili ezingaphezu kwezimbili, yize imikhondo yabo emlandweni wezinto zakudala kumele ihunyushwe ngokuqapha.
Ukuvubukula kwabesifazane: kusukela "ekungezeni abesifazane" kuya ekushintsheni uhlaka lokucabanga
Imivubukulo yasendulo yabesifazane ezindaweni eziningi yayivame ukugxila “ekwenzeni abesifazane babonakale”: ukufuna ubufakazi beminikelo yabesifazane kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezomnotho, emasikweni, noma ekukhiqizeni. Isibonelo, izifundo zokukhiqizwa kwe-ceramic, izindwangu, noma ekucutshungulweni kokudla zibonise ukuthi umsebenzi ovame ukubhekwa “njengowasekhaya” empeleni uyisisekelo somnotho womphakathi kanye nobunikazi bawo. Ukwenza indwangu, ukulondolozwa kokudla, kanye nokuphathwa kwekhaya kungaba yinto yobuchwepheshe kakhulu, hhayi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengokwenziwa kwezikhali noma amathuluzi amatshe.
Kodwa-ke, isayensi yemivubukulo yabesifazane iye yaqhubeka: ayigxili nje kuphela kwabesifazane kodwa futhi ihlola kabusha izigaba ezazibhekwa njengezingathathi hlangothi ngaphambili. Iyabuza ukuthi kungani indawo yasekhaya ivame ukubhekwa njengengabalulekile kangako noma "eyomphakathi"; kungani amandla ehlala elinganiswa ngokwezikhali, izikhumbuzo, noma izimpahla zokunethezeka; nokuthi kungani "ubuholi" buhlala bucatshangwa njengokubusa komuntu oyedwa (ngokuvamile indoda) kunokuba kube amanethiwekhi ethonya angase asekelwe ebuhlotsheni, emasikweni, noma ekusatshalalisweni kwezinsiza.
Izindlela kanye nedatha: ubulili bufundwa kanjani ezintweni ezisele?
Izindlela zokubonisa ubulili kanye nobuntu zikhuthaza izindlela ezahlukene. Ezinye zalezi zindlela zifaka:
1. Ukuhlaziywa kokungcwaba
Amathuna avame ukuba umthombo wedatha mayelana nesimo, ubunikazi, kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo. Ukuvubukulwa kobulili kuphonsela inselelo izinkolelo ezilula njengokuthi "izikhali = abesilisa" noma "ubucwebe = abesifazane." Kudingeka inhlanganisela yedatha ye-osteological, amaphethini okungcwaba, kanye nomongo wezenhlalo. Kunezimo emhlabeni wonke lapho abantu abanezimpahla ezithile zamathuna betholakale benobulili bemvelo obungahambisani nemibono yanamuhla, okuvula izingxoxo mayelana nobunzima bezindima zomphakathi.
2. Ucwaningo lwesikhala kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo
Ubulili bungabonakala endleleni esetshenziswa ngayo isikhala: ukwahlukaniswa kwezindawo zokusebenza, ukufinyelela ezindaweni zamasiko, noma amalungiselelo okuhlala. Kodwa-ke, indlela yobulili isikhumbuza ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kwendawo akuhlali kuqinile; kungashintsha ngokuya ngobudala, isimo, isizini, noma izimo zenhlekelele.
3. Ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho kanye nomsebenzi (izinto zakudala zabasebenzi)
Ngokuhlola iminonjana yokukhiqiza—isibonelo, izinsalela ezishisiwe, izinsalela zokudla, izimpawu zokuguga kumathuluzi—abavubukuli bangakwazi ukumaka umsebenzi ovame ukunganakwa ezindabeni “zemicimbi emikhulu.” Umsebenzi wokunakekela, njengokunakekela izingane, asebekhulile, noma amalungu omphakathi agulayo, awushiyi izinto eziqondile kodwa ungalandelwa ngezinkomba zabantu, impilo, kanye nenhlangano yokuhlala.
4. I-Bioarchaeology kanye nomzimba
I-Bioarchaeology ihlola indlela umzimba "oqopha ngayo" okuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi: amaphethini okudla okunempilo, ukucindezeleka, izifo, kanye nomsebenzi womzimba. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi okusekelwe kubulili kungabonakala ekwehlukeni komthwalo womzimba, ukuhlukumezeka, noma ukuhlukahluka kokudla. Kodwa-ke, ukuhumusha kumele kuhlale kubucayi: umehluko wezempilo awuthonywa ubulili kuphela, kodwa futhi nayisigaba, ukufinyelela kokudla, kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Ukuhlangana kwezigaba: ubulili abuzimele bodwa
Ubufeministi banamuhla bugcizelela ukuhlangana: ubulili buhambisana nesigaba, ubudala, uhlanga, isimo sokufuduka, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici. Emivubukulweni, lokhu kugwema ukwenza lula njengokuthi "konke okuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane kuyafana" noma "imiphakathi ibilokhu ihlukaniswe kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane." Isibonelo, abesifazane abaphezulu bangase babe nokufinyelela ezinsizeni ezinkulu kanye nethonya lesiko, kuyilapho amadoda avela emaqenjini angaphansi kwawo angase abhekane nobuthakathaka bezomnotho. Ngokufanayo, imisebenzi ethile ingase ihlukaniswe ngokweminyaka noma ngesimo sobuhlobo, hhayi ngobulili kuphela.
Ngohlaka oluhlanganisa izindawo, isayensi yemivubukulo ayifuni nje kuphela “izindima zabesifazane,” kodwa ihlola indlela izakhiwo zomphakathi ezibumba ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu ngabanye namaqembu ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Ukugxekwa kolimi nezigaba ekuhunyushweni
Imivubukulo yabesifazane iphinde igxeke ulimi lwesayensi olungavimba ukuhumusha. Amagama anjengokuthi “okwasekhaya,” “omphakathi,” “okukhiqizayo,” noma “ukunakekela” avame ukuveza uhlu lwezindinganiso. Lapho imisebenzi yasekhaya ibhekwa njengengakhiqizi, iminikelo eyenziwa ngabesifazane (noma amaqembu athile) ibhekwa njengento encane ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuphathwa kokudla, amanzi, impilo, kanye nokuzalana komphakathi, umphakathi awukwazi ukusinda.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isigaba "sangaphambi komlando" sivame ukulandiswa ngezindaba zesilisa zentuthuko: ukunqoba imvelo, impi, kanye nokwanda. Indlela yabesifazane ivula isikhala sezinye izindaba: ukubambisana, ukushintshana, ukusondelana komphakathi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokunakekela—izinto ezibaluleke ngokulinganayo emlandweni wesintu.
Ubulili emsebenzini wezinto zakudala: ukuziphatha kanye nomkhuba
Umongo wabesifazane awusebenzi nje kuphela entweni efundwayo, kodwa futhi nasemsebenzini wezinto zakudala njengesifundo. Ubani othola ithuba lokuhola ukumba? Ubani oqashelwa njengomvubukuli? Umsebenzi wasensimini uhlukaniswa kanjani—ingabe umsebenzi ubhekwa njengo "nzima" ngokuzenzakalelayo unikezwa amadoda, kuyilapho imibhalo inikezwa abesifazane? Le mibuzo ithinta izakhiwo zezikhungo, okuhlanganisa izindaba zokuhlukunyezwa emkhakheni, ukungalingani kwemisebenzi, kanye nokumelwa ezincwadini zezemfundo.
Ukuvubukulwa kwabesifazane kumelela ukuziphatha kocwaningo okulinganayo nokuphephile, okuhlanganisa nezinqubomgomo zokulwa nobudlova nokuhlukumeza, ukucaca kobuholi, kanye nokuqashelwa komsebenzi ovame “ukungabonakali” njengokulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukuhlela uhlu, kanye nemfundo yomphakathi.
Ukubaluleka komphakathi: kungani lokhu kubalulekile?
Izindaba zemivubukulo zakha indlela imiphakathi ebheka ngayo umlando kanye nobunikazi. Uma isikhathi esidlule sihlala silandiswa njengesigaba somuntu, umphakathi ungase ucabange ukuthi ukungalingani ngokobulili bekulokhu "kungokwemvelo." Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho imivubukulo yembula ukuhlukahluka kwezindima kanye nobunikazi, yandisa umcabango womphakathi: ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kungaba nezimo eziguquguqukayo, ubuholi bungathatha izinhlobo eziningi, futhi iminikelo yokunakekelwa kwasekhaya kanye nokukhiqiza iyisisekelo sempucuko.
Ezindaweni zomphakathi—eminyuziyamu, ezincwadini zokufunda, emadokhumentari—izindlela zokusekela amalungelo abesifazane kanye nobulili zikhuthaza ukumelwa okunobulungiswa nokunembe kakhudlwana. Zikhuthaza futhi umphakathi ukuthi uqonde ukuthi ulwazi luthuthuka ngokugxekwa nokubuyekezwa, hhayi iqiniso elilodwa eliqinile.
I-Penutup
Isayensi yezinto zakudala ngokwesimo sobufeministi kanye nobulili ayigcini nje ngokuphathelene "nokufuna abesifazane" esikhathini esidlule. Kungumzamo wesayensi kanye nokuziphatha ukuhumusha imikhondo yezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuhlolisisa, ukugwema ukucwasa kwamadoda, nokuqonda ubunzima bobuwena kanye nobudlelwano bezenhlalo. Ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kobulili nobulili, ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezibucayi emsebenzini nasemzimbeni, nokusebenzisa umbono ohlangene, isayensi yezinto zakudala iba nekhono elikhulu lokuxoxa indaba ephelele yesikhathi esidlule. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubufeministi buphonsela inselelo umkhuba womsebenzi wezinto zakudala ukuthi ube nokulingana nomthwalo wemfanelo. Umphumela wokugcina umlando womuntu ocebile: hhayi umlando weqembu elilodwa, kodwa umlando wokuhlangenwe nakho okuningi, izindima, kanye namazwi avame ukuncishiswa.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo sase-Indonesia (isib., izibonelo ezivela ezindaweni zaseNusantara, emikhubeni yeminyuziyamu, noma ezingxoxweni zemfundo zasendaweni) noma ngengeze uhlu lwezincwadi kanye nezinkomba eziya emibonweni ebalulekile ekuvubukulweni kwabesifazane kanye nezifundo zobulili.
