Dzidziso yaKeynes yeKuda Mari: Kunzwisisa Maitiro Emari muEconomics
Dzidziso yekudiwa kwemari ipfungwa huru muhupfumi hwenyika inobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei vanhu nemakambani vachisarudza kuchengetedza mari yakasiyana panguva dzakasiyana. Imwe yedzidziso dzine simba guru munyaya iyi inobva kuna John Maynard Keynes, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yekuBritain ine basa rakachinja manzwisisiro atinoita hupfumi hwenyika uye mutemo wezvemari nemari.
Nhanganyaya kuKeynesian Theory of Thought
Keynes akatanga dzidziso yake mubasa rake guru, "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money," rakaburitswa muna 1936. Dzidziso yaKeynes yakapikisa maonero ekare ekuti misika yaizongounza hupfumi kumamiriro emabasa akazara. Mumaonero aKeynes, hurumende nevatungamiriri vemari vanofanira kuita basa rakakosha mukudzora kudiwa kwemari muhupfumi.
Mupfungwa iyi, Keynes akataura zvikonzero zvitatu zvikuru zvinoita kuti vanhu vachengete mari, zvinoti: chinangwa chekutengeserana, chinangwa chekudzivirira, uye chinangwa chekufungidzira.
1. Chinangwa chekutengeserana
Chinangwa chekutengeserana ndicho chikonzero chikuru chinoita kuti vanhu nemabhizinesi vachengete mari. Mari inodiwa kuti vaite kutengeserana kwezuva nezuva, sekutenga zvinhu nemasevhisi. Zvakanyanya, mabhizinesi anoda mari yekubhadhara mihoro, kutenga zvinhu zvekushandisa, uye kubhadhara mari yese yekushanda.
Kudiwa kwemari yekutengeserana kunokonzereswa nemazinga emari inowanikwa nemunhu kana kambani. Kana mari yemunhu kana kambani yakakwira, ndipo pavanoda mari yakawanda yekuvhara mari yezuva nezuva. Keynes akaratidza hukama hwakananga pakati pekudiwa kwemari yekutengeserana nedanho remabasa ehupfumi. Sezvo hupfumi huchikura, kudiwa kwemari yekutengeserana kunowanzowedzera.
2. Chinangwa Chekungwarira
Chinangwa chechipiri mudzidziso yaKeynes chekuda mari ndechekudzivirira. Izvi zvinoratidza chishuwo chevanhu kana makambani chekuchengeta mari senzira yekuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu asingatarisirwi. Semuenzaniso, mhuri dzinogona kuchengetedza mari yekuwedzera kuti dzifungisise mari dzinoshandiswa pakukurumidzira, dzakadai sekuchengetedza hutano kana kugadzirisa dzimba.
Padanho remakambani, mari yekukurumidzira inokosha pakugadzirisa kushanduka-shanduka kwemari inowanikwa kana mari yekushandisa. Zvinhu zvekunze, zvakaita senjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga kana matambudziko ehupfumi, zvinogonawo kukurudzira makambani nevanhu kuti vawedzere mari yavo yavanochengeta.
Kudiwa kwemari yekudzivirira kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwekushaya chokwadi kwehupfumi uye hwemunhu. Kana kusava nechokwadi kuchionekwa kwakanyanya, chido chekuchengeta mari chinowedzera.
3. Zvinangwa zvekufungidzira
Chinangwa chekufungidzira chikamu chinosiyanisa dzidziso yaKeynes yekudiwa kwemari nedzidziso dzekare. Keynes akataura kuti vanhu vanochengeta mari nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemubereko uye zvinotarisirwa nezvekuchinja kwekukosha kwezvinhu zvemari, zvakaita semabhondi.
Sekureva kwaKeynes, kana mubereko wakaderera, vanhu vanowanzova nemari pane kutenga mabhondi, vachitarisira kuti mubereko uchakwira mune ramangwana, nokudaro zvichideredza mitengo yemabhondi. Kusiyana neizvi, kana mubereko wakakwira, vanhu vanowanzoisa mari yavo mumabhondi, vachitarisira kuwana purofiti yakawanda pane kungova nemari chete.
Kuda mari kwekufungidzira kunokonzerwa zvakanyanya netarisiro pamusoro pekuchinja kwemitengo yemubereko. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kudiwa kwemari kwakabatanawo nemamiriro emusika wemari uye mitemo yemari inoshandiswa nemabhangi makuru.
Zvinorehwa neMutemo weDzidziso yaKeynes yeKuda Mari
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakabatsira Keynes panyaya yekudiwa kwemari ndechekuti maonero ake ekuti mutemo wemari unogona kukanganisa hupfumi. Nekudzora kuwanikwa kwemari uye mitengo yemubereko, mabhanga makuru anogona kukanganisa huwandu hwemari iri kutenderera muhupfumi uye, pamwe chete, huwandu hwemabasa ehupfumi.
Semuenzaniso, kana zvinhu zvaoma, bhangi guru rinogona kuderedza mitengo yemubereko kukurudzira kudyara nekushandisa mari, richitarisira kuwedzera kudiwa kwemari yose. Kana mitengo yemubereko yakaderera, kuchengetedza mari kunenge kusisina kunaka, saka vanhu nemabhizinesi vanowanzoda kushandisa kana kuisa mari yavo.
Kusiyana neizvi, kana hupfumi hukasangana nekukwira kwemitengo kwakanyanya, bhangi guru rinogona kukwidza mitengo yemubereko kuderedza kudiwa kwemari yose. Muchiitiko ichi, kuchengetedza mari kana kuchengetedza kunova kunokwezva nekuda kwekudzoka kwemari inowanikwa muchimiro chemitengo yemubereko yakakwira.
Kutsoropodzwa uye Kubudirira Kwakawedzerwa
Kunyangwe dzidziso yaKeynes yekuti mari inoda kudiwa yakaita zvakawanda mukunzwisisa kwedu hupfumi, yakatarisanawo nekutsoropodzwa uye kufambira mberi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzinoti muenzaniso waKeynes unorerutsa maitiro evanhu zvakanyanya uye haunyatso tarisa zvinhu zvepfungwa kana zvemagariro zvinopesvedzera sarudzo dzemari.
Uyezve, kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji uye masisitimu emazuva ano ekubhadhara zvakachinjawo maitiro evanhu nemabhizinesi ekushandisa mari. Zvivakwa zvemari zvedhijitari, zvakaita semakadhi echikwereti uye kubhadhara kwemagetsi, zvakaderedza kudiwa kwekuchengeta mari yakawanda yekutengeserana kwezuva nezuva kana kudzivirira.
Kunyange zvakadaro, nheyo huru dzedzidziso yaKeynes dzezvikonzero zvekuda mari dzichiri kushanda, kunyanya mukuongorora mutemo wemari uye mhinduro dzekuchinja kwehupfumi.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yaKeynes yekudiwa kwemari inopa hurongwa hwakasimba hwekunzwisisa kuti sei vanhu vachichengeta mari yakati wandei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana ehupfumi. Nekunyatsoongorora kutengeserana, kungwarira, uye zvinangwa zvekufungidzira, Keynes haana kungotsanangura maitiro evanhu nemakambani chete asiwo akagadzira nzira yebasa guru remutemo wemari mukudzikamisa hupfumi.
Kunyangwe zvimwe zvikamu zvedzidziso iyi zvichiri kupikiswa nekuchinja kwetekinoroji uye mamiriro emusika wepasi rose akaomarara, chinangwa chepfungwa dzaKeynes chichiri chakakosha mukuumba mutemo wezvehupfumi nhasi. Mutemo wezvemari unoshanda unoramba uchivimba nenheyo dzaKeynes kuti uve nechokwadi chekugadzikana kwehupfumi uye kugara zvakanaka kwenharaunda.
