Maumbirwo uye Hunhu hweMaEnzymes
MaEnzayimu mamorekuru emapuroteni akaomarara anoshanda semacatalysts mumaitiro akasiyana-siyana emakemikari mukati mezvinhu zvipenyu. Basa guru remaEnzayimu nderekukurumidzira maitiro emakemikari aizoitika zvishoma nezvishoma kana kusaitika zvachose pasina catalyst. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura chimiro uye hunhu hwemaEnzayimu uye kuti hunhu uhwu hunokanganisa sei mashandiro awo.
Maumbirwo eEnzime
Maumbirwo eenzyme ane cheni imwe chete kana dzakawanda dzepolypeptide dzakapetwa nenzira yekuti dzinoumba chimiro chakanangana nemativi matatu. Maumbirwo aya ane mazinga mana, anoti:
1. Magadzirirwo Ekutanga: Uku ndiko kutevedzana kwemaamino acids kunosarudza hunhu hwe enzyme. Kutevedzana uku kunotsanangurwa nemajini uye kwakakosha pakuona kuti cheni ye polypeptide ichapetwa sei.
2. Maumbirwo Echipiri: Kudyidzana pakati pemaatomu ari mumusana wepolypeptide kunoumba maumbirwo echipiri akagadzikana akadai sealpha helices uye beta sheets. Kudyidzana uku kunonyanya kuenderana nezvisungo zvehydrogen.
3. Maumbirwo Epamusoro: Kudyidzana kwakawanda pakati pemaketani emativi eamino acid kunogadzira maumbirwo akaomarara ane mativi matatu. Uku ndiko kurongeka kwakanangana kwebasa uye ndiyo danho apo enzyme inowana nzvimbo yayo inoshanda.
4. Maumbirwo eQuaternary: Mamwe maenzyme ane cheni dzepolypeptide dzinopfuura imwe chete. Kudyidzana pakati pecheni idzi kunoumba maumbirwo equaternary. Semuenzaniso, enzyme inonzi hemoglobin inoumbwa nezvikamu zvina.
Nzvimbo inoshanda yeenzyme chikamu chemorekuru chinobatana zvakananga nesubstrate yayo. Kuvapo kwenzvimbo inoshanda kunoita kuti enzyme ikwanise kuziva uye kubatana kwenguva pfupi nesubstrate yayo. Maumbirwo emativi matatu uye hunhu hwemakemikari hweamino acids munzvimbo inoshanda ndizvo zvinoita kuti enzyme ive chaiyo kune substrate yayo.
Hunhu hweMaEnzymes
Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinotsanangura ma enzyme zvinosanganisira:
1. Specific Catalysis: MaEnzayimu akagadzirirwa mamwe masubstrate. Izvi zvinoreva kuti enzyme yega yega inogona kungobatsira chete mhando imwe chete yemakemikari kana kushanda pamhando imwe chete yemamorekuru. Hunhu uhwu hunotorwa kubva pachimiro cheenzyme chetatu-dimensional, icho chinoumba nzvimbo inoshanda chaiyo kune substrate iyoyo.
2. Kukurumidza Kupindura: Rimwe remabasa makuru ema enzymes nderekuwedzera mwero wekuita kwemakemikari mumuviri. Ma enzyme anogona kuwedzera mwero wekuita kwemuviri kusvika ka1 miriyoni. Izvi zvinoitwa nekuderedza simba rekuita kuti muviri utange kuita kwemuviri.
3. Thermolabile: MaEnzyme anonyanya kunzwa tembiricha. Kuwedzera kwetembiricha kuri pakati nepakati kunogona kuwedzera reaction rates nekuda kwekuwedzera kwe kinetic energy, asi tembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya inogona kukonzera denaturation yemapuroteni, izvo zvinoparadza chimiro che enzyme uye kuita kuti isashande.
4. PH chaiyo: Enzyme yega yega ine pH yakakwana iyo inoshanda zvakanaka. Kuchinja kwepH kunogona kuchinja chimiro cheenzyme, kunyanya panzvimbo inoshanda, uye kuderedza mashandiro eenzyme.
5. Kugona Kuchinja: Maitiro akawanda ema enzyme anogona kushanda nenzira mbiri - kuvaka nekuputsa mamorekuru. Izvi zvinobvumira masisitimu ehupenyu kuchengetedza kuenzana uye kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze anochinja.
6. Kudzora Kwemabasa: Basa rema enzyme rinogona kudzorwa kuburikidza ne allosteric mechanisms, uko mamorekuru anotonga anobatana kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisiri nzvimbo inoshanda, zvichikonzera shanduko dzechimiro dzinokanganisa basa rema enzyme. Pamusoro pezvo, shanduko dze covalent dzakadai se phosphorylation dzinogonawo kudzora mashandiro ema enzyme.
Basa reCoenzymes neCofactors
Mamwe ma enzyme anoda mamorekuru madiki asiri mapuroteni anozivikanwa se cofactors kana coenzymes kuti ashande zvakanaka. Ma cofactor anogona kuva ma ions esimbi (akadai seMg²⁺ kana Zn²⁺) kana mamorekuru madiki eorganic akadai semavitamini. Ma coenzymes, kune rumwe rutivi, mamorekuru eorganic anobatana nema enzymes kuti abatsire mukushandurwa kwemamorekuru e substrate kuita zvigadzirwa. Muenzaniso iNAD+, iyo inoshanda mukuderedza oxidation.
Mashandisirwo emaEnzyme
Pamusoro pebasa rawo guru rehupenyu, ma enzyme anoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana. Muindasitiri yezvikafu, ma enzyme anoshandiswa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakaita sechizi neyogati kuburikidza nekuvirisa. Ma enzyme anoitawo basa rakakosha mumaindasitiri emachira nemapepa, mukuita ma bleach uye sezvinhu zvinogadzirisa. Ma enzyme ekuchenesa zvinhu zvakajairika mu sipo dzemazuva ano, achitarisa mavara netsvina kuburikidza nekuita kwakanangana.
Mhedzisiro yekuchinja kwemaEnzymes
Kuchinja-chinja kwemajini kunoratidza enzyme kunogona kukonzera shanduko muchimiro chekutanga, zvichizopedzisira zvachinja chimiro chose uye mashandiro eenzyme. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera enzyme isingashande kana kurasikirwa nehunhu hwesubstrate, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa nzira dzemetabolism uye hutano hwemuviri.
Mhedziso
MaEnzayimu anoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwese. Maumbirwo awo akasiyana uye hunhu hwemakemikari zvinovabatsira kukurumidzisa mashandiro akakosha emakemikari anochengetedza hupenyu. Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pemaEnzayimu haingopi ruzivo rwebiology yezvinhu zvipenyu chete asiwo inopa matekinoroji matsva mu biotechnology nemaindasitiri. Mune ramangwana, kuvandudzwa kwemaEnzayimu ekugadzira kana akagadziriswa kunogona kugadzira nzira yekushandisa matsva mukurapa, simba, uye tekinoroji yezvakatipoteredza.
