Kuwirirana: Kunzwisisa Pfungwa yeNzvimbo nenguva muFizikisi
Kuwirirana ndeimwe yepfungwa dzakakosha mufizikisi yemazuva ano, ichichinja manzwisisiro atinoita zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa. Dzidziso yewirirano yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri zvikuru: special relativity uye general relativity. Zvose izvi zvinopa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenzvimbo, nguva, uye simba rinokwevera pasi.
1. Nhoroondo Pfupi yeKuwirirana
Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, fizikisi yekare, yakagadzirwa naIsaac Newton, yakanga yapa hwaro hwakasimba hwezvinhu zvakawanda zvefizikisi. Zvisinei, zvimwe zviitiko zvaisagona kutsanangurwa nedzidziso yeNewtonian. Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru kwaiva kusawirirana pakati pemakanika eNewtonian neelectromagnetism, yakagadzirwa naJames Clerk Maxwell. Kugara kwenguva refu kwechiedza kwaifungidzirwa naMaxwell kwaisagona kutsanangurwa mukati mehurongwa hwemakanika eNewtonian, ayo aifungidzira nguva nenzvimbo.
Muna 1905, Albert Einstein akaburitsa bepa raisuma dzidziso yakakosha ye relativity. Dzidziso iyi yakabatanidza pfungwa dzenzvimbo nenguva kuita chinhu chimwe chete chinonzi space-time uye yakaratidza kuti kumhanya kwechiedza kunogara kuripo mumafuremu ese asina simba. Makore gumi gare gare, muna 1915, Einstein akatanga dzidziso yake ye relativity, iyo yakawedzera pfungwa dze special relativity kuti isanganise gravity, ichitsiva pfungwa yeNewtonian ye gravity nepfungwa yekuchinja mukukombama kwespace-time nehuremu nesimba.
2. Hukama Hwakakosha
Nheyo Dzekutanga
Dzidziso inokosha ye relativity yakavakirwa papfungwa huru mbiri:
1. Mitemo yefizikisi yakafanana mune zvese zvinoonekwa zvisina simba.
2. Kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum hakuchinji uye hakuenderani nekufamba kwemuoni kana chiedza.
Migumisiro yeKuwirirana Kwakakosha
Kubva pamisimboti iyi miviri, mimwe migumisiro inoshamisa inobuda inopesana nepfungwa dzezuva nezuva:
– Kuwedzerwa Kwenguva: Nguva inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma pazvinhu zvinofamba kana tichienzanisa nemuoni. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidzwa mukuyedza kwakasiyana-siyana, kwakadai sekucherechedza zvidimbu zvepasi peatomu zviri kufamba pedyo nekumhanya kwechiedza uye kushandiswa kwemawachi eatomu mundege.
– Kureba Kwekudzika: Chinhu chinofamba kana chichienzaniswa nemuoni chichaita sechipfupi. Chiitiko ichi chinoitika chakafanana nekwakatangira kufamba kwechinhu chacho.
– Kuwirirana kweMisa: Misa inowedzera nekumhanya. Chinhu pachinosvika kumhanya kwechiedza, huremu hwacho hunosvika kukusingaperi, zvichireva kuti chinoda simba risingaperi kuti chiwedzere kumhanya.
Imwe yemafomula anozivikanwa zvikuru anobva mu special relativity iequation E=mc², iyo inoratidza kuenzana pakati pehukuru (m) nesimba (E) nekumhanya kwechiedza chisingachinji (c) semuwedzeredzi.
Migumisiro yeTekinoroji
Kuwirirana kwakakosha kune zvakunoreva kwete chete kune dzidziso asiwo kune tekinoroji yemazuva ano. Muenzaniso iGlobal Positioning System (GPS), iyo inoda kugadziriswa kwezviratidzo zvayo kuti ipe nzvimbo chaiyo.
3. Kuwirirana Kwakazara
Nheyo Dzekutanga
Kuwirirana kwakajairika kunowedzera pfungwa dzehukama hwakakosha kuti dzisanganise simba rinokwevera pasi sechimiro chenzvimbo nenguva. Nheyo dzayo huru ndeidzi:
1. Simba rinokwevera pasi harisi simba serinotaurwa muNewton, asi kutenderera kana kutenderera kwenzvimbo nenguva kunokonzerwa nehuremu nesimba.
2. Huremu nesimba zvinoshandura chiyero chenguva nenzvimbo, izvo zvinokanganisa nzira pfupi dzinoteverwa nezvinhu zviri munzvimbo iyoyo yenguva.
Geometry yeSpace-Time
Mukutaura nezve relativity, zvinhu zvikuru zvakaita senyeredzi nemapuraneti zvinokombamisa space-time zvakavapoteredza. Geodesics, kana nzira pfupi, mune iyi curved space-time inokonzera chiitiko chatinoziva segravity. Pfungwa iyi inogona kuoneka nekufungidzira space-time sepepa rerabha rinokotama kana bhora rinorema rakaiswa pariri.
Zviitiko Zvakakosha
General relativity inotsanangura zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvisingagoni kutsanangurwa neNewtonian mechanics, zvakaita se:
– Magirazi Egiravhiti: Chiedza chinobva kunyeredzi dziri kure kana magiravhiti chinogona kukombamiswa negiravhiti yezvinhu zvikuru, zvakaita semagiravhiti kana maburi matema, zvichiburitsa mifananidzo yakakura kana yakakanganisika.
– Kuchinja Kwechiedza Chemagiravhiti: Kuwanda kwechiedza chinobuda muchinhu chikuru kunoderera (kutsvuka) nekuda kwesimba guru regiravhiti.
– Mafungu Egiravhiti: Kuchinja-chinja kwekukombama kwenzvimbo nenguva kunokonzerwa nekufamba nekukurumidza kwehukuru, senge maburi maviri matema akabatana. Mafungu aya akatanga kuonekwa zvakananga nekuyedza kweLIGO muna 2015.
Kuedza Kuwirirana Kwakazara
Imwe yemiedzo yekutanga yekuedza kwe general relativity yaive kucherechedza kwaSir Arthur Eddington kweMercury's perihelion shift uye eclipse yezuva ya1919. Kuora kwezuva uku kwakabvumira kucherechedzwa kwekutsauka kwechiedza kubva kunyeredzi dziri pedyo neZuva, zvichienderana nekufanotaura kwe general relativity.
4. Maonero Ezvinhu Zvemuchadenga
Kuwirirana kwakajairika ndiyo hwaro hwemazuva ano hwe cosmology, kudzidza kwesainzi kwemavambo, kushanduka-shanduka, uye chimiro chepasi rose. Mamodheru epasi rose riri kukura, kusanganisira modhi yeBig Bang, akavakirwa paEinstein's field equations anobva pahukama hwakajairika.
Kukura kweNyika Yose
Mutemo waHubble, unoratidza kuti mapoka enyeredzi ari kubva kune rimwe nerimwe, ndeimwe yehumbowo hwakasimba hwekuwedzera kwenyika. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa chete mukati mehurongwa hwehukama hwese.
Zvinhu Zvisina Kujeka uye Simba Risina Kujeka
Kuwirirana kwakajairika kunoratidzawo kuvapo kwezvinhu zvisingaonekwi zvatinodaidza kuti dark matter nesimba rerima. Dark matter, inofungidzirwa kuti iripo muhuwandu hwakawanda, haiburitse kana kuratidza chiedza, asi kuvapo kwayo kunogona kufungidzirwa kubva pamigumisiro yayo yekukwevera zvinhu zvinoonekwa. Dark simba, kune rumwe rutivi, inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo inokonzera kukura kukuru kwepasi rose.
5. Remangwana reKutsvagurudza kweKuwirirana
Kusvika nhasi uno, general uye special relativity zvichiri kushanda sembiru dzefizikisi yedzidziso neyekuyedza. Zvisinei, kune nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dziri kubuda dzekutsvagisa:
Dzidziso yeMunda weQuantum uye Simba reGravity reQuantum
Kubatanidza general relativity uye quantum mechanics, dzidziso mbiri dzakabudirira zvikuru mufizikisi, idambudziko guru. Kuedza kugadzira dzidziso dze quantum gravity, dzakadai se string theory uye loop quantum gravity, kunovavarira kuvhara mukaha uyu.
Chiitiko Chinotyisa
Kudzidza nezvemakomba matema, mwaranzi yeHawking, uye zvinhu zvidiki zviri pakati pemakomba matema inzvimbo dzinonyanya kutsvagurudzwa pakati pevasayendisiti.
Mhedziso
Kuwirirana, kwakakosha uye kwakajairika, kwakachinja zvikuru maonero edu enzvimbo, nguva, uye simba rinokwevera pasi. Kunzwisisa dzidziso dzaro hakuna kungovandudza ruzivo rwedu rwesainzi chete asiwo kwakapa mabhenefiti anoshanda mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvetekinoroji yemazuva ano. Kuenderera mberi nekutsvaga munharaunda iyi uye kuedza kubatanidza simba rinokwevera pasi ne quantum mechanics kunovimbisa mamwe maonero matsva mune ramangwana. Muchidimbu, kuwiriranisa kunotibatsira kunzwisisa zvakasikwa nenzira yakazara uye yakadzama.
