Kuwirirana kwaNewton: Kunzwisisa Kwepakutanga Kwekufamba uye Simba Rekukwevera Zvinhu Pasi
Pendauluan
Isaac Newton, mumwe wevasayendisiti vane simba guru munhoroondo, akagadzira dzidziso dzakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu zvakasikwa. Basa rake guru, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica," rakaburitswa muna 1687, rakaunza mitemo yekufamba uye mutemo wegiravhiti yepasi rose. Kunyangwe pfungwa ye relativity, sezvainozivikanwa nhasi, inowanzo kunzi yakabva kuna Albert Einstein, pfungwa ye relativity yakatanga kusimbiswa muchimiro chemakanika ekare naNewton. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora misimboti yaNewton ye relativity, zvazvinoreva pakunzwisisa kufamba uye gravity, uye kuti pfungwa idzi dzakashanduka sei kusvika panguva ye relativity yaEinstein.
Mitemo yaNewton yekufamba
Mitemo yaNewton yekufamba ndiyo hwaro hwemakanika ekare uye ine mitemo mitatu inotsanangura hukama huripo pakati pekufamba kwechinhu nemasimba anoshanda pachiri. Mitemo iyi mitatu ndeiyi:
1. Mutemo wekutanga waNewton (Mutemo wekusagadzikana):
"Chinhu chega chega chicharamba chakazorora kana kufamba nekumhanya kwakasimba mumutsara wakatwasuka kunze kwekunge simba rekunze richishanda kuti richinje mamiriro iwayo."
Mutemo uyu unosimbisa kukosha kwekusaita chinhu, uko chinhu chinoramba chichida kufamba kwacho. Panyaya yehukama, izvi zvinoreva kuti kufamba pakati pezvinhu zviviri hakuzochinji kana simba rikashandiswa.
2. Mutemo Wechipiri waNewton:
"Kumhanya kwechinhu kunoenderana zvakananga nesimba riri kushanda pachiri uye zvinoenderana nehuremu hwacho. Pamasvomhu, izvi zvinoratidzwa seF = ma."
Pano, simba (F) chibereko chehukuru (m) uye kukurumidza (a). Mutemo uyu unoratidza kuti kufamba kwechinhu kunogona kushandurwa sei nekushandiswa kwesimba. Panyaya yehukama, izvi zvinoreva kuti simba rinoshanda pachinhu richachinja kufamba kwaro.
3. Mutemo wechitatu waNewton:
"Chiito chega chega chichaita kuti pave nemhinduro yakaenzana uye yakasiyana."
Mutemo uyu unotsanangura kuti masimba anogara ari maviri. Kana chinhu A chikashandisa simba pachinhu B, ipapo chinhu B chinoshandisa simba rakaenzana asi rakapesana pachinhu A. Izvi zvakakosha pakunzwisisa kudyidzana pakati pezvinhu zviri muhurongwa hwakavharwa.
Mutemo waNewton weKukwevera Zvinhu Pasirose
Mutemo waNewton wegravitation yepasi rose unoti chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chiri muchadenga chinokwezva chimwe nechimwe chine simba rinoenderana zvakananga nekugadzirwa kwehuwandu hwezvikamu zviviri uye zvinoenderana nechikamu chedaro riri pakati pazvo. Pamasvomhu, mutemo uyu unonzi:
\[ F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2} \]
Di mana:
– \( F \) isimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi riri pakati pezvikamu zviviri.
– \( G \) isimba rinokwevera pasi rose.
– \( m_1 \) uye \( m_2 \) ndiwo mass ezvikamu zviviri.
– \( r \) idaro riri pakati penzvimbo dzine huremu hwezvikamu zviviri.
Mutemo waNewton wegravitation unopa hwaro hwekunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaita sekutenderera kwemapuraneti uye kufamba kwezvinhu zviri pamusoro pePasi. Une basa rakakoshawo mupfungwa yaNewton ye relativity, sezvo gravitation iri simba rinokanganisa kufamba kwezvinhu mumunda wegravitational.
Kuwirirana kwaNewton
Newtonian relativity, kana kuti, musimboti waNewton we relativity, ipfungwa yekuti mitemo yefizikisi inoshanda mune imwe inertial reference frame inoshandawo mune dzimwe inertial reference frame dzese. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hapana inertial reference frame yakakosha; mitemo yese yekufamba inoshanda zvakaenzana mune chero frame inofamba nekumhanya kwakasimba maererano nemumwe nemumwe.
Nheyo yeClassical Relativity
Pfungwa yaNewton ye relativity inogona kupfupikiswa seinotevera:
– Kuchinja kweGalilean: Maequations ekufamba mu inertial reference frame anogona kushandurwa kubva pafuremu imwe kuenda kune imwe furemu ichifamba zvichienderana neyokutanga ne constant velocity pasina kushandura chimiro cheequations.
Kuchinja kweGalilean kunotsanangura kuti ma "space-time coordinates" anochinja sei pakati pema "inertial reference frames" maviri. Ngatitii kune ma "inertial reference frames" maviri, S na S', apo S' inofamba ne "constant velocity" \( v \) zvichienzaniswa naS. Kana \( (x, y, z, t) \) ari ma "coordinates" ari mu "frame S" uye \( (x', y', z', t') \) ari ma "coordinates" ari mu "frame S", saka "Galilean transformations" inogona kuratidzwa seizvi:
\[ x' = x – vt \]
\[ y' = y \]
\[ z' = z \]
\[t' = t \]
Kuchinja uku kunoratidza kuti nguva yakakwana uye yakafanana mumafuremu ese ekutarisa asina simba, inova ndiyo maonero akakosha mumakanika ekare.
Zvinoreva Newton's Relativity
Kuwirirana kwaNewton kune zvakunoreva zvakakosha mufizikisi yekare:
1. Kusagadzikana uye Kufamba Kwehukama:
Chinhu chinofamba nespeed isingachinji mune imwe inertial frame of reference chicharamba chichifamba nespeed isingachinji mune imwe inertial frame of reference, zvichienderana nepfungwa yaNewton yeinertia. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kufamba pakati pezvinhu zviviri hakuchinji kunze kwekunge simba rashanda pazviri.
2. Kuchengetedza Simba:
Muchimiro chekutarisa chisina simba, simba rese rehurongwa hwakavharwa rinoramba rakafanana kana pasina simba rekunze rinoita pane hurongwa. Iyi nheyo ndiyo hwaro hwemutemo wekuchengetedza simba, izvo zvakakosha pakunzwisisa kurovana uye kudyidzana pakati pezvinhu.
3. Simba regiravhiti uye Kufamba kweDunhu:
Mutemo waNewton wekukwevera pasi unotibvumira kufanotaura kufamba kwemapuraneti nezvimwe zvinhu zvekudenga. Muchirevo chehukama hweNewton, mapuraneti ese anoteerera mutemo mumwe chete wekukwevera pasi uye anoita zvinoenderana nemitemo yaNewton yekufamba mumafuremu awo asina simba.
Kuchinja kuenda kuRelativity yaEinstein
Kunyangwe Newtonian relativity yakapa hwaro hwakasimba hwekunzwisisa kufamba uye simba rinokwevera pasi, yaive nemiganhu. Zvimwe zviitiko, zvakaita sekumhanya kwechiedza nguva dzose uye mhedzisiro ye relativistic pakumhanya kwakanyanya, zvaisagona kutsanangurwa ne classical Newtonian mechanics. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nekuvandudzwa kwedzidziso dzaAlbert Einstein dze special uye general relativity mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.
Kuwirirana Kwakakosha
Dzidziso yaEinstein ye relativity, yakatangwa muna 1905, yakagadzirisa fungidziro dzakawanda dzeNewtonian mechanics. Chimwe chezvikonzero zvayo chikuru ndechekuti kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum hakuchinji uye hakuenderane nekumhanya kwemuoni. Izvi zvakapesana nemaonero aNewton nezvenguva chaiyo uye zvakaita kuti pave nepfungwa dzekuti nguva yakawedzerwa uye kureba kwacho kwakadzikira pakumhanya kwe relativistic.
Kuwirirana Kwakazara
Kuwirirana kwakajairika, kwakabudiswa naEinstein muna 1915, kwakatsiva mutemo waNewton wegiravhiti nepfungwa yekuti giravhiti ndiko kutenderera kwenzvimbo nenguva kunokonzerwa nehuremu nesimba. Dzidziso iyi inotsanangura zvakajeka zviitiko zvakasimba zvegiravhiti, zvakaita sekutenderera kwenyika yeMercury nemaburi matema, izvo mutemo waNewton wegiravhiti usingakwanise kutsanangura.
Mhedziso
Kuwirirana kwaNewton, nemitemo yayo yekufamba uye simba rinokwevera pasi rose, ihwaro hwakakosha hwefizikisi yekare yakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu zvakasikwa. Mitemo yaNewton yekudyidzana inopa maonero akafanana ekufamba uye kudyidzana mumafuremu ekutarisa asina simba. Kunyangwe pakupedzisira yakatsiviwa nehukama hwaEinstein, nhaka yaNewton inoramba iri hwaro hwakasimba hwekudzidza nekunzwisisa zviitiko zvechisikigo, kubva pakufamba kwemapuraneti kusvika kusimba rezuva nezuva.
