Kuedza kwaMichelson naMorley
Pendauluan
Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, pfungwa ye ether inopenya, kana kuti "ether," yaive yakakurumbira pakati pevanyanzvi vefizikisi. Ether yaifungidzirwa kuti ichinhu chisingaoneki chaipinda muchadenga uye chaipa nzira yekuparadzira chiedza, sezvinoita mhepo inopa nzira yemafungu eruzha. Kuedza kwaMichelson naMorley, kwakaitwa muna 1887, kwaive nechinangwa chekuona kuvapo kwe ether iyi. Mhedzisiro yavo haina kungopikisa pfungwa ye ether chete asiwo yakagadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yaAlbert Einstein yehukama. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo, nzira, mhedzisiro, uye simba rekuyedza kwaMichelson naMorley.
Latar Belakang
Michelson naMorley vasati vaedza, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzefizikisi dzaitenda kuti chiedza chaida nzira yekufambisa zvinhu, semamwe mafungu emagetsi. Pfungwa iyi ye ether yaionekwa seinokosha kutsanangura hunhu hwechiedza, kusanganisira kupararira kwacho kuburikidza ne vacuum.
Zvisinei, pakanga pasina humbowo hwekuedza hunotsigira kuvapo kwe ether. Saka, Albert A. Michelson naEdward W. Morley vakaedza kuona kufamba kweNyika kuburikidza ne ether vachishandisa interferometer, mudziyo wakagadzirwa naMichelson pachake.
Methodology
Michelson Interferometer
Chiyero chepakati chaishandiswa naMichelson naMorley chaive nechiedza chaiburitsa chiedza pagirazi rinopinda zvishoma. Chiedza ichi chakapatsanurwa kuita matanda maviri akamira uye chakadzoserwa kumashure nemagirazi akaiswa munzira imwe neimwe. Matavi maviri acho akabva abatanidzwazve, zvichiita kuti patani yekupindirana ionekwe.
Iyi interferometer inonyatsonzwa kuchinja kudiki kwehurefu hwenzira inofambiswa nechiedza, saka inofanira kukwanisa kuona misiyano inokonzerwa nekufamba kwePasi kuburikidza ne ether.
Maitiro Ekuyedza
Michelson naMorley vakaisa interferometer murabhoritari yavo ndokutungamira mwenje miviri yechiedza, imwe yakatarisana nekwaifamba Nyika kuburikidza ne ether (vaifunga) uye imwe yakatarisana nekwaienda. Vakafungidzira kuti kana ether iripo, kufamba kwenyika kuburikidza ne ether kwaizokonzera mutsauko munguva yekufamba kwemwenje miviri yechiedza, zvichikonzera shanduko inoyerwa muchimiro chekupindirana.
Kuedza kwakaitwa nematanho akasiyana-siyana einterferometer, zvichidzokororwa kakawanda mugore rose kuti zvienderane nekuchinja kwenzvimbo yePasi zvichienzaniswa ne ether.
Mhedzisiro Yekuyedza
Mushure mekuyera nekungwarira, Michelson naMorley havana kuwana musiyano wakakosha mumaitiro ekupindirana akaonekwa. Mhedzisiro iyi yakaratidza kuti pakanga pasina kufamba kwaionekwa kwePasi kana tichienzanisa ne ether, zvichipesana nefungidziro yavo yekutanga.
Mhedzisiro yekuedza uku inozivikanwa se null result, sezvo isina kupa humbowo hwekuvapo kwe ether. Mhedzisiro iyi yakashamisa masayendisiti mazhinji panguva iyoyo uye yakava imwe yemiedzo yakakurumbira munhoroondo yefizikisi.
Zvazvinoreva uye Maitiro Azvo
Mhedzisiro padzidziso yeEther
Kukundikana kwaMichelson naMorley kuona ether kwakakonzera kusava nechokwadi kukuru pamusoro pekuvapo kwechinhu ichi. Dzidziso dzakawanda dzakakurudzirwa kutsanangura mhedzisiro isina basa, kusanganisira pfungwa ye ether yakabatana nePasi, kana kuti kureba kwehurefu kwakaitwa nenyanzvi dzefizikisi George FitzGerald naHendrik Lorentz.
Kubata kweLorentz-FitzGerald
FitzGerald naLorentz vakataura kuti zvinhu zvinofamba nepakati peether zvinosvika pakudzika kwehurefu munzira yazvo yekufamba, nokudaro zvichienzanisa nguva dzekufamba kwechiedza munzira dzese dziri mbiri dze interferometer. Dzidziso iyi, inozivikanwa seLorentz-FitzGerald contraction hypothesis, yakapa tsananguro isina kurongeka yakachengetedza kwenguva pfupi pfungwa yeether.
Mipiro kuDzidziso yeKuwirirana
Albert Einstein, achiziva mhedzisiro yekuedza kwaMichelson naMorley, akagadzira dzidziso yakakosha yehukama muna 1905. Dzidziso iyi yakabvisa kudiwa kwe ether nekutaura kuti kumhanya kwechiedza mu vacuum hakuchinji uye kwakafanana kune vese vanocherechedza, pasinei nekufamba kwavo. Hukama hwakakosha hwakapa tsananguro yakaenderana uye yakanaka yemhedzisiro yekuedza kwaMichelson naMorley pasina kudiwa kwe ether medium.
Kukosha kweKuedza
Kuedza kwaMichelson naMorley kwakaratidza shanduko huru munhoroondo yefizikisi. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvekuedza uku ndeizvi:
1. Kupikisa Pfungwa yeEther:
Kuedza uku kwakapa humbowo hwakasimba hunopesana nekuvapo kwe ether, zvichimanikidza masayendisiti kuti afunge patsva nezvepfungwa yechiedza nemafungu emagetsi.
2. Kurudzira Kukura kweKuwirirana:
Mhedzisiro isina maturo yekuedza uku yaive chimwe chezvinhu zvakaita kuti Einstein agadzire dzidziso yakakosha yehukama, iyo yakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu nzvimbo nenguva.
3. Nzira Yekuyedza:
Nzira ye interferometric yakagadzirwa naMichelson ichiri kushandiswa mune dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzesainzi, kusanganisira kuona mafungu egiravhiti neLIGO interferometer muna 2015.
Mhedziso
Kuedza kwaMichelson naMorley ndeimwe yekuedza kwakakosha munhoroondo yefizikisi. Nekuyedza kuvapo kwe ether uye kuwana mhedzisiro isina basa, kuyedza uku kwakapikisa paradigm yesainzi yaivepo panguva iyoyo uye kwakagadzira nzira yekuvandudza kwaEinstein kwehukama hwakakosha. Mhedzisiro yekuedza uku haina kungozunungusa hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwedu chiedza nenzira yekupararira kwacho chete asiwo kwakakonzera shanduko huru mufizikisi yedzidziso iyo yakatiswededza pedyo nekunzwisisa kwedu kwazvino kwezvisikwa.
Kuedza uku kunotiyeuchidza kukosha kwekusimbisa kwekuyedza musainzi uye kuti mhedzisiro isingatarisirwi inogona sei kutungamira mukufambira mberi kukuru mukunzwisisa kwesainzi. Nekubvisa kudiwa kwe ether, kuyedza kwaMichelson naMorley kwakabatsira kuunza nguva itsva mufizikisi iyo ichiripo nanhasi.
