Kuchinja kwezvinhu muState Critical Temperature Points Triple Points
Mukukurukurirana kwemutemo wegasi rakakodzera, zvakatsanangurwa kuti mutemo wegasi rakakodzera unotsanangura nemazvo maitiro egasi chairo chete kana kumanikidzwa uye huwandu hwegasi chairo zvisina kukwira zvakanyanya. Kana kumanikidzwa uye huwandu hwegasi chairo hwakakura zvakakwana, mutemo wegasi rakakodzera unoburitsa mhedzisiro isiriyo. Izvi ndezvechokwadiwo kana tembiricha yegasi chairo yasvika padanho rayo rekufashaira.
Izvi zvine chekuita nekudyidzana kunoitika pakati pemamorekuru egasi chaiwo. Kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwakaenzana zvakanyanya nehukuru hwegasi. Kana kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwakakwira zvakakwana, huwandu hwegasi hunova hudiki. Nekuti huwandu hwegasi hudiki, daro riri pakati pemamorekuru egasi rinova pedyo. Kana daro riri pakati pemamorekuru riri pedyo, mamorekuru anokweverana. Zvakafanana nepaunoswededza chidimbu chesimbi pedyo nemagnet. Kana daro riri pakati pemagnet nesimbi rakakwana, magineti haakwanise kukwevera simbi. Asi kana daro riri pakati pemagnet nesimbi riri pedyo, simbi inokweverwa pedyo.
Saka mamorekuru egasi anoita semagineti nesimbi mumufananidzo uri pamusoro apa… Kana daro riri pakati pemamorekuru riri pedyo zvakakwana, mamorekuru anokweverana. Kuvapo kwemasimba anokwezva kunoita kuti daro riri pakati pemamorekuru rive pedyo (vhoriyamu yegasi inova diki). Kazhinji izvi zvinoitika kana kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwakakura zvakakwana (Kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya, vhoriyamu diki. Vhoriyamu diki, daro riri pakati pemamorekuru rinova pedyo). Naizvozvo, mutemo wegasi wakakodzera haupe mhedzisiro chaiyo kana kumanikidzwa uye huwandu hwegasi chairo hwakakura zvakakwana.
Dhizaini yeDhiyagiramu yeKudzvanywa vs Vhoriyamu
Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani dambudziko riri pamusoro apa, ngationgororei dhayagiramu inoratidza hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa nevhoriyamu yegesi. Makomba 1, 2, 3, na4 anoratidza maitiro egasi rimwe chete pakupisa kwakasiyana. Kupisa kwegasi rinoratidzwa mukona 1 kwakakwira kupfuura makona 2. Kupisa kwegasi rinoratidzwa mukona 2 kwakakwira kupfuura makona 3. Kupisa kwegasi rinoratidzwa mukona 3 kwakakwira kupfuura makona 4. Makomba mutsetse wakatsetseka uri pakati pedhayagiramu. Kupisa kwegasi kunogara kwakafanana, shanduko chete idzvinyiriro (P) nevhoriyamu (V) yegasi.
Zvichienderana nemutemo wegesi wakanaka, mutsetse unotangira pa1 unofanira kupera pa1. Saizvozvowo, mutsetse unotangira pa2 unofanira kupera pa2. Chokwadi chinowanikwa nemagasi chaiwo hachienderane nefungidziro yemutemo wegesi wakanaka. Kana kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwakakwira zvakakwana, huwandu hwegasi hunova hudiki uye hunotsauka kubva pane zvakafanotaurwa nemutemo wegesi wakanaka (enzanisa makomba 1 ne2). Hukuru hwekutsauka muhuwandu hwegasi hunoenderanawo nekupisa. Kana tembiricha yegasi yakaderera uye iri pedyo nenzvimbo yekunyunguduka, inozivikanwawo senzvimbo yekufashaira (poindi b), gasi rinowanzo sangana nekutsauka kukuru muhuwandu zvichienzaniswa nepanenge tembiricha yakakwira (enzanisa makomba 1, 2, 3, uye 4). Izvi zvinokanganiswa nemasimba anokwezva ari pakati pemamorekuru egasi, sezvakatsanangurwa kare.
Curve 3 iri mudhayagiramu iri pamusoro inoratidza maitiro echinhu pakupisa kwacho kwakakosha. Point c, iyo curve 3 inopfuura nayo, inonzi point yakakosha. Pakupisa kwakakwira kupfuura kupisa kwakakosha, gasi harigone kuchinja kuita mvura kunyangwe kana kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwaiswa (enzanisa necurve 2 ne1). Kumanikidzwa kwacho kunoderedza huwandu hwegasi asi hakugone kurichinja kuita mvura. Kusiyana neizvi, pakupisa kwakaderera pane kupisa kwakakosha, gasi rinoshanduka kuita mvura kana kumanikidzwa kwakati kwaiswa (enzanisa necurve 3). Huwandu hwekumanikidzwa kunogona kushandura gasi kuita mvura pakupisa kwakakosha kunozivikanwa se critical pressure. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine kupisa kwakakosha kwakasiyana uye critical pressure.
Curve 4 iri padhayagiramu iri pamusoro inoratidza maitiro ekuchinja kubva pagasi kuenda pamvura. Nzvimbo ine mumvuri (yakafanana negomo) inzvimbo iyo gasi nezvikamu zvemvura zviri muchiyero. Pakutanga, huwandu hwegasi hwakakura zvikuru. Mushure mekunge kumanikidzwa kwegasi kwawedzera, huwandu hwegasi hunova hudiki kusvika hwasvika panhamba b (poindi b ndiyo nzvimbo yekunyunguduka, inozivikanwawo senzvimbo yekufashaira). Kana yasvika panhamba b, gasi rinotanga kuchinja kuita mvura. Munguva yekuchinja kubva pagasi kuenda pamvura (kubva papoindi b kuenda papoindi a), huwandu hwechinhu hunova hudiki kunyangwe pasina kuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa (kwakaratidzwa nemutsetse wakatwasuka). Papoindi a, gasi rese rinoshanduka kuita mvura. Mushure mekusvika papoindi a, kuwedzera kwekumanikidzwa pachinhu kunongoguma nekuchinja kudiki kwazvo muhuwandu (kwakaratidzwa nechimiro chakadzika chekongiri).
Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, tinowanzo shandisa mazwi ekuti steam negasi. Semuenzaniso, mhute yemvura kana gasi renitrogen. Hatimbotauri nezvemhute yemvura segasi remvura, kunyangwe mhute yemvura iriyo mhando yemvura ine gasi. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune nitrogen, okisijeni, nezvimwewo. Nitrogen kana okisijeni zvinowanzonzi magasi. Gasi nemhute zvine zvazvinoreva zvakasiyana. Kana mamiriro egasi echinhu ari pasi petembiricha yakakosha yechinhu, saka tinoti mhute. Kusiyana neizvi, kana mamiriro egasi echinhu ari pamusoro petembiricha yakakosha yechinhu, saka tinoti gasi.
Dhizaini yeDhizaini yeDhizaini yeKudzvanywa vs Tembiricha (Dhizaini yeChikamu)
Kare, takatsanangura maitiro ezvinhu tichishandisa dhayagiramu yePressure vs. Volume. Pamusoro pekushandisa dhayagiramu yePV, maitiro ezvinhu anogona kutsanangurwa tichishandisa dhayagiramu yePressure (P) vs. Temperature (T). Dhayagiramu yePT inowanzonzi dhayagiramu yechikamu. Inonzi dhayagiramu yechikamu nekuti inoshandiswa kuenzanisa zvikamu, kana mamiriro, echinhu. Chimwe chinhu chinowanzo chinja mamiriro imvura.
Pane macurve matatu ari mudhayagiramu, anoti evaporation curve, melting curve uye sublimation curve.
Mutsetse wemvura unoratidza nzvimbo dzine mvura nemhepo zviri mu equilibrium. Nzvimbo ine mvura nemhepo zviri mu equilibrium inonzi melting point kana boiling point (Inonzi melting point nekuti panguva iyi mhute inogona kunyunguduka yoshanduka kuita mvura. Inonzi boiling point nekuti panguva iyi mvura inogona kufashaira yoshanduka kuita steam). Saka, evaporation curve igrafu inotaura hukama huripo pakati pepressure (P) ne boiling point/melting point tembiricha. Zvinoita sekuti kana pressure idiki, poindi yemvura inofashaira yakaderera, kana kuti pressure yakakura, poindi yemvura inofashaira yakakwira. Papressure ye1 atm, poindi yemvura inofashaira = 100 o C. Kusiyana neizvi, papressure ye218 atm, poindi yemvura inofashaira = 374 o C.
Kumanikidzwa kwe218 atm kunozivikanwawo se critical pressure yemvura, nepo tembiricha ye374 ° C ichizivikanwawo se critical temperature yemvura. Kana tembiricha yemhepo iri pasi pe374 ° C, saka mhepo inogona kuchinja kuita mvura kana ikapihwa pressure ye374 ° C. Hapana huwandu hwekumanikidzwa hunogona kushandura mhepo kuita mvura kana tembiricha iri kupfuura 218 ° C.
Mutsetse wekunyunguduka unoratidza nzvimbo dziri pakati pemvura neyakaoma. Nzvimbo dziri pakati pemvura neyakaoma inonzi nzvimbo yekunyunguduka kana kuti nzvimbo yekutonhora (Inonzi nzvimbo yekunyunguduka nekuti panguva iyi chando chinogona kunyunguduka mumvura. Inonzi nzvimbo yekutonhora nekuti panguva iyi, mvura inogona kutonhora kuita chando). Saka, mutsetse wekunyunguduka igrafu inoratidza hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa (P) nenzvimbo yekunyunguduka kana tembiricha yechando. Pakumanikidzwa kwe1 atm, nzvimbo yekutonhora yemvura (kana nzvimbo yekunyunguduka yechando) = 0 oC. Kusiyana neizvi, pakumanikidzwa kwe218 atm, nzvimbo yekuomesa yemvura (kana nzvimbo yekunyunguduka kwechando) iri pasi pe0 oC. Cherechedza kuti kana paine kumanikidzwa kwe1 atm, mvura inenge iri muchimiro chemvura kana tembiricha iri pakati pe0 oC na100 oC. Mvura inenge yakasimba kana paine kumanikidzwa kwe1 atm, tembiricha iri pasi pe0 oC kana mvura iri muchimiro cheutsi kana paine kumanikidzwa kwe1 atm, tembiricha yacho iri kupfuura 100 oC.
Mutsetse wesublimation unoratidza nzvimbo dzine chinhu chakasimba nemhepo iri mu equilibrium. Nzvimbo ine chinhu chakasimba nemhepo iri mu equilibrium inonzi sublimation point. Saka, mutsetse wesublimation igrafu inoratidza hukama huripo pakati pekumanikidzwa (P) nekupisa kwenzvimbo yesublimation… Sublimation inzira yekushandura mamiriro akasimba kuita vapor, pasina kupfuura nemumamiriro emvura… Kazhinji sublimation inoitika chete kana paine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera. Aizi inogona chete sublimate kana tembiricha iri pasi pe 0,01 o C uye kumanikidzwa kuri pasi pe 0,006 atm. Nzvimbo iyo ma curves matatu anosangana inonzi triple point.
Pazasi pane dhayagiramu yechikamu chekabhoni dhayidhi. Cherechedza kuti zviyero zviri padhayagiramu yechikamu chemvura nedhayagiramu yechikamu chekabhoni dhayidhidhi hazvisi zvakananga.
