Electrochemistry: Zvinokosha uye Mashandisirwo Muhupenyu Hwazvino
Pendauluan
Electrochemistry ibazi rekemesitiri rinoongorora hukama huripo pakati pemakemikari nemagetsi. Chinangwa chikuru chebasa iri kushandurwa kwesimba rekemesitiri kuita simba remagetsi, uye zvinopesana. Electrochemistry ine basa rakakosha muzvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwemazuva ano, kubva kumabhatiri nemasero emafuta kusvika pakuchenesa simbi uye kugadzirwa kwemakemikari. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora hwaro hwe electrochemistry, misimboti yayo yekushanda, uye mashandisirwo ayo akakosha ari kushandura mararamiro edu nekushanda kwedu.
Nheyo dzeElectrochemistry
Maitiro eRedox
Electrochemistry ine hukama hwakanyanya nekuita kwekuderedza oxidation (redox). Mukuita uku, maerekitironi anotamiswa kubva kune rumwe rudzi kuenda kune rumwe. Rudzi runorasikirwa nemaerekitironi runonzi rwava oxidation, nepo rudzi runowana maerekitironi runonzi rwava kuderedzwa. Kuita kwega kwega kweredox kune maviri ma half-reaction: oxidation half-reaction uye reduction half-reaction.
Electrode Potential
Hafu yega yega ine mukana wekuti electrode iite sei, kana kuti voltage, iyo inoyera maitiro emhando yechinhu kuti chioxidized kana kuderedzwa. Standard electrode potentials inotsanangurwa zvichienderana ne standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), iyo inotsanangurwa seine mukana we 0 volts.
Mutemo waFaraday
Electrochemistry inotongwa nemitemo yaFaraday, iyo inoratidza hukama hwehuwandu huripo pakati pehuwandu hwemagetsi anoshandiswa nehuwandu hwechinhu chakaderedzwa kana chakasanganiswa. Mutemo wekutanga waFaraday unoti huwandu hwechinhu chakaiswa kana kunyungudutswa paelectrode hunoenderana nehuwandu hwemagetsi anopfuudzwa nemushonga. Mutemo wechipiri waFaraday unoti pahuwandu humwe chete, huwandu hwekuiswa kwechinhu hunosiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemaerekitironi anobatanidzwa mukuita kwe redox kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe.
Masero eGalvanic neMasero eElectrolytic
Electrochemistry inosanganisira mhando mbiri huru dzemasero emagetsi: masero egalvanic nemasero eelectrolytic. Masero egalvanic anoshandura simba remakemikari kuita simba remagetsi, sezvinowanikwa mumabhatiri. Kusiyana neizvi, masero eelectrolytic anoshandisa simba remagetsi kufambisa maitiro emakemikari asingangoerekana aitika, uye anowanzo shandiswa mukuchenesa simbi uye kugadzira magetsi.
Mashandisirwo eElectrochemical
Mabhatiri uye Zviunganidzi
Mabhatiri ndiwo muenzaniso unonyanya kushandiswa pakushandisa electrochemical. Mabhatiri anoshanda zvichienderana ne galvanic cell, uko redox reaction inongoerekana yaitika inogadzira simba remagetsi. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemabhatiri, kusanganisira mabhatiri e lead-acid (accumulators), mabhatiri e lithium-ion, uye mabhatiri e alkaline. Rudzi rumwe nerumwe rune zvarwakanakira nezvarwakaipira, pamwe nemashandisirwo arwo chaiwo. Mabhatiri e lithium-ion, semuenzaniso, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumidziyo yemagetsi inotakurika senge nharembozha nemalaptop nekuda kwekuwanda kwazvo kwesimba uye kushajazve kwakanaka.
Sero remafuta
Sero remafuta mudziyo unoshandura simba remakemikari remafuta (kazhinji hydrogen) kuita magetsi kuburikidza nemagetsi neokisijeni. Masero emafuta anoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura mafekitori emagetsi akajairwa uye anogadzira utsi hushoma. Masero emafuta ari kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumotokari dzemagetsi uye senzvimbo yemagetsi isingakuvadzi nharaunda.
Kuchenesa kweElectrolysis
Kuchenesa simbi (electrolysis) inzira yekushandisa magetsi kuti iite kuti zvinhu zvisaitike kamwe kamwe. Imwe nzira inoshandiswa muindasitiri yekuchenesa simbi, yakadai sekugadzira aruminiyamu kubva mubauxite ore. Kuchenesa simbi kunoshandiswawo kugadzira chlorine nesodium hydroxide kubva mu sodium chloride solution, pamwe nekugadzira hydrogen kubva mumvura.
Kuora uye Kudzivirirwa kweCathodic
Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru muinjiniya nekuvaka ingura, inova nzira yekuora kwezvinhu nekuda kwekuita kwemagetsi nenharaunda. Kuora kunogona kukonzera kukuvara kukuru kwechimiro uye kurasikirwa kwehupfumi. Kudzivirira kweCathodic inzira inoshandiswa kudzivirira ngura, umo magetsi anoshandiswa kurwisa maitiro e redox anokonzera ngura. Nzira iyi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kuchengetedza mapaipi, matangi, uye zvivakwa zvepasi pemvura.
Sensor yeElectrochemical
Masensa emagetsi anoshandiswa kuona nekuyera huwandu hwechinhu chiri mumushonga. Maglucometer, anoshandiswa nevanorwara neshuga kutarisa huwandu hweshuga muropa, muenzaniso wekushandiswa kwesensa yemagetsi. Masensa aya anoshanda zvichibva pakuchinja kwemagetsi anokonzerwa nekuita kwe redox pakati peglucose ne reagent pa electrode yesensa.
Kurapa marara
Tekinoroji yemagetsi ine basa guru mukurapa mvura netsvina. Semuenzaniso, electrocoagulation inzira inoshandisa magetsi emagetsi kubvisa tsvina kubva mumvura yakasviba. Inzira inoshanda yekubvisa simbi dzinorema, zvinhu zvipenyu, uye tupukanana mumvura.
Kuchengetedza Simba
Nekuwedzera kwekutarisa pasimba rinogona kuvandudzwa, kuchengetwa kwesimba kwave nzvimbo yakakosha yekutsvagisa. Mabhatiri eRedox flow rudzi rwebhatiri rinochengeta simba mumhinduro mbiri dzakasiyana dze electrolyte, zvichibvumira kuchengetwa kwesimba kwakakura. Iyi tekinoroji yakakodzera kuchengetedza simba kubva kuzvinhu zvinogona kuvandudzwa zvakaita sesimba rezuva nemhepo.
Zvitsva Zvitsva
Tsvagiridzo mu electrochemistry iri kuramba ichifambira mberi nekukurumidza, nekuwana zvinhu zvitsva zvichipa mukana mukuru wekuvandudza zvinhu zvitsva. Imwe nzvimbo inoshanda ndeyekugadzira mabhatiri akachengeteka, anoshanda zviri nani, uye asingakuvadzi nharaunda. Tsvagiridzo yezvinhu zvitsva zve cathode, solid-state electrolytes, uye modular packaging technologies iri kuenderera mberi.
Imwe nyaya iri kubuda ndeyekuferefeta kwe nanoelectrochemistry, uko electrochemical reactions inoshandiswa pa nanometer scale. Izvi zvinovhura mukana mutsva wemasensa, zvishandiso zvemagetsi zvidiki, uye kushandiswa kwesimba zviri nani.
Mhedziso
Electrochemistry, nemisimboti yayo mikuru uye mashandisirwo akafara, yakaita basa guru mukusimudzira kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kuvandudza hupenyu hwedu. Kubva kumabhatiri anopa simba kumidziyo yedu yemagetsi kusvika kumasero emafuta anovimbisa ramangwana remagetsi rakachena, uye kubva kuhunyanzvi hwekurapa mvura kusvika pakudzivirira zvivako kubva mukuora, electrochemistry inokanganisa zvakawanda muhupenyu hwedu. Sezvo kutsvagisa nekuvandudza zvinhu zvitsva zvichiramba zvichifambira mberi, tinogona kutarisira budiriro dzakawanda dzinoshandisa mukana weelectrochemistry kugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose emangwana.
