Maitiro Ekugadzira Colloids
Tsanangudzo yeColloid
Colloid musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana umo chinhu chimwe chinoparadzirwa mune chimwe chinhu muchimiro chezvidimbu zvidiki kwazvo. Hukuru hwezvikamu mu colloids hunowanzova pakati pe 1 ne 1000 nanometers, saka zvikamu hazvigone kuonekwa neziso risina kusimba asi zvinogona kuonekwa ne electron microscope. Colloids ine hunhu hwakasiyana nekuti zvikamu zvakapararira hazvigadzikane uye zvinoramba zvakapararira zvakaenzana munzvimbo yese inopararira. Chiitiko ichi chinokonzerwa nekufamba kweBrownian, uko zvikamu zve colloidal zvinoramba zvichifamba zvisina tsarukano nekuda kwekusangana nemamorekuru enzvimbo yazvinopararira.
Mhando dzeColloids
Makororo anogona kupatsanurwa zvichienderana nechikamu chekupararira uye nzira yekupararira. Mamwe marudzi akajairika emakororo anosanganisira:
1. Solid: Zvidimbu zvakasimba zvakapararira mumvura. Mienzaniso: pendi, inki.
2. Emulsion: Musanganiswa wezvinwiwa zviviri zvisinganyungudike. Mienzaniso: mukaka, mayonnaise.
3. Aerosol: Zvidimbu zvakasimba kana kuti zvine mvura zvakapararira mugasi. Mienzaniso: mhute, utsi.
4. Gel: Sisitimu ye colloidal ine chimiro chakafanana ne net-like/lattice nekuda kwekubatana kwezvikamu zvakasimba muchinhu chine mvura. Mienzaniso: jelly, agar-agar.
5. Furo: Gasi rinoparadzirwa mumvura kana chinhu chakaoma. Mienzaniso: soap sud, shaving cream.
Nzira Yokugadzira Colloid
Makorokoza anogona kugadzirwa uchishandisa nzira mbiri huru, dzinoti nzira yekupararira uye nzira yekudzikamisa.
Nzira yeKupararira
Nzira yekupararira inzira iyo zvidimbu zvikuru zvinopwanywa kuita zvidimbu zvecolloidal. Heano nzira dzinoverengeka dzekugadzira macolloid uchishandisa nzira yekupararira:
1. Kuchinjana kweHomogenization
Kubatanidza zvinhu zviviri (homogenization) inzira yemakanika umo zvidimbu zvikuru zvinopwanywa kuita zvidiki uchishandisa masimba emakanika akadai sekukweshana kana kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Maitiro aya anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yezvikafu kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakaita semukaka kana muto wakasanganiswa.
2. Kuisa peptization mudumbu
Kupinza simbi muropa (peptization) inzira yekuputsa zvidimbu zvikuru kuita zvidimbu zvecolloidal uchishandisa chinhu chinopinza simbi muropa (peptizing agent). Chinhu ichi chinobatsira kuputsa zvidimbu zvikuru kuita zvidimbu zvidiki zvinoparadzirwa muchinhu chinoparara. Semuenzaniso, ivhu mumvura nerubatsiro rwemamwe ma electrolytes.
3. Kugadzira ma ultrasonication
Iyi nzira inoshandisa mafungu e ultrasonic kupwanya zvidimbu zvikuru kuita zvidimbu zve colloidal. Mafungu e ultrasonic anotumira simba rakawanda kuzvidimbu, zvichiita kuti zvipwanye kuita zvidimbu zvidiki.
Nzira yeKunyorovesa
Nzira yekudzikamisa ibasa iro zvidimbu zvidiki zvinobatana (condensate) kuti zvigadzire zvidimbu zvecolloidal. Nzira iyi inosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinosanganisira:
1. Maitiro eMakemikoro
Maitiro emakemikari anogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvidimbu zvecolloidal kubva kumamorekuru madiki. Mimwe mienzaniso yemaitiro emakemikari anoshandiswa ndeye hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction, uye precipitation. Semuenzaniso:
– Hydrolysis: FeCl3 kana ikaiswa mumvura inoita kuti hydrolysis ibudise colloidal Fe(OH)3.
– Kuoxidation: Gasi reH2S rinooxidation negasi reSO2 kuti rigadzire sarufa yecolloidal.
- Kuderedza: Mhinduro yeAgNO3 inoshandurwa kuita sirivha yecolloidal nekuideredza neNaBH4.
2. Kutsiva Solubleti
Nzira iyi inosanganisira kushandura chinhu chinonyungudutsa mvura inonaya zvakanaka sezvinhu zvinonyungudutsa. Kuchinja kwe solvent polarity kana tembiricha kunogona kukonzera kuumbwa kwezvikamu zvinonyungudutsa mvura.
3. Nzira yeSol-Gel
Nzira ye sol-gel inzira inosanganisira sol (chikamu chemvura) iyo inozogadzira network yakasimba kana gel. Maitiro aya anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira zvinhu zveceramic uye silica gel.
Mienzaniso yeKugadzira Colloid
Aya ndiwo matanho ekugadzira macolloid uchishandisa nzira dziri pamusoro apa.
Kugadzirwa kweIron(III) Hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) Sol
1. Gadzirai mvura yakasanganiswa neFeCl3 mumudziyo.
2. Wedzera mushonga weFeCl3 zvishoma nezvishoma mumvura uchikurunga nguva dzose.
3. FeCl3 ichaitwa hydrolysis kuti ibudise Fe(OH)3 sezvikamu zve colloidal zvakatsvuka:
\[
FeCl_3 + 3H_2O → Fe(OH)_3 + 3HCl
\]
4. Ramba uchikurunga musanganiswa kusvika waenzana uye wagadzira zvidimbu zvecolloidal zvakagadzikana.
Kugadzira Colloidal Sulfur
1. Gadzirira mhinduro mbiri: imwe chete ye sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) uye imwe chete ye hydrochloric acid (HCl) mumidziyo yakasiyana.
2. Sanganisa sodium thiosulfate neHCl solutions mumudziyo we reaction:
\[
Na_2S_2O_3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + SO_2 + S + H_2O
\]
3. Kuita uku kunoburitsa sarufa (S) se colloid mune imwe nzvimbo ine mvura.
Kugadzira Sirivha yeColloidal (Ag)
1. Gadzirira mushonga weAgNO3 nemushonga unodzikisa mvura wakaita seNaBH4.
2. Sanganisa mhinduro dzeAgNO3 neNaBH4 mufurashi rekuita uchiramba uchikurunga:
\[
AgNO_3 + NaBH_4 → Ag (colloid) + NaNO_3 + H_2
\]
3. Musanganiswa uyu uchaita sirivha yero kana grey colloidal.
Kugadzira Emulsion yeMukaka-Soda
1. Gadzira mukaka wemvura nesoda (chinwiwa chine fizzy).
2. Sanganisa mukaka nesoda mugirazi kana bhodhoro muchiyero chaunoda.
3. Zunzai musanganiswa nesimba kusvika waita emulsion yakatsetseka. Kuumbwa kwefuro kunoratidza kuvapo kwe emulsion.
Zvinhu Zvinokonzera Kugadzikana kweColloidal
Kugadzikana kweColloid kunonyanya kukanganiswa nekudyidzana kuripo pakati pezvikamu zvecolloid nepakati pekupararira, zvinhu zvinotevera:
- Kuchaja Kwemagetsi
Zvidimbu zveColloidal zvinowanzova nemagetsi akafanana, zvichikonzera kudzoserwa pakati pezvidimbu. Izvi zvinobatsira kudzivirira kuti zvidimbu zveColloidal zvisaungane pamwe chete (coagulation).
- Mudziviriri weColloidal
Kushandiswa kwezvinodzivirira zvecolloidal, izvo zvinhu zvinogona kuputira zvidimbu zvecolloidal kuti zvigadzikane uye zvisaungane. Mienzaniso inosanganisira gelatin, PVA, nezvimwe zvinodzivirira.
- Kufamba kweBrownian
Kufamba kwezvikamu zve colloidal zvisina tsarukano kunokonzerwa nekusangana kwemamorekuru echinhu chinopararira. Kufamba uku kunobatsira kuchengetedza zvikamu zve colloidal zvakapararira zvakaenzana.
- Kunyudzwa kweIon
Zvidimbu zveColloidal zvinogona kunwisa maayoni kubva muchikamu chinopararira, zvichiwedzera kugadzikana kwecolloidal kuburikidza nekuwedzera kushaja kwepamusoro.
Mashandisirwo eColloid
MaColloids anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana uye mashandisirwo ezuva nezuva, kusanganisira:
- Chikafu Nezvinwiwa
MaColloid anoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya nezvinwiwa zvakaita se ice cream, sauces, fruit juices, uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka.
- Chemistry
Mishonga yakadai semakirimu, mafuta ekuzora, uye mishonga inomiswa imhando dze colloidal dzinobatsira mukuburitsa uye kupinza mushonga zvinobudirira.
- Zvizoro
Zvigadzirwa zvekushongedza zvakaita semafuta ekuzora, makirimu, uye shampoos zvinopa ruvara rwaunoda.
- Indasitiri yePendi neInki
MaColloid anoshandiswa mukugadzira pendi neinki kuti ruvara ruve rwakapararira zvakanaka uye kuti chigadzirwa chigadzikane.
- Kurapa Mvura
Maitiro ekuonda uye kupwanyika kwemvura anoshandisa musimboti wecolloid kuti aite kuti zvidimbu zvidiki zvipinde mumvura.
Nekunzwisisa kwakanaka maitiro ekugadzira uye hunhu hwemacolloids, tinogona kugadzirisa mashandisirwo awo muminda yakasiyana-siyana. Kugadzirwa kwecolloid kunoda matekiniki akanyatsojeka uye kutonga kuti tigadzire zvigadzirwa zvecolloidal zvakagadzikana uye zvemhando yepamusoro.
