Mienzaniso yemibvunzo inokurukura nezvehunhu hwekugadzirisa matambudziko
Hunhu hwekugadzirisa zvinhu (colligative properties) hunhu hunoenderana chete nehuwandu hwezvimedu zvinonyungudika mumhinduro, kwete rudzi kana hunhu hwechinhu chinonyungudika. Kune mhando huru ina dzehunhu hwekugadzirisa zvinhu (colligative properties): kuderedza kumanikidzwa kwemhepo (vapor pressure), kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yekufashaira (boiling point elevation), kuderera kwenzvimbo yekufungira (freezing point depression), uye kumanikidzwa kwe osmotic. Muchinyorwa chino, tichakurukura matambudziko akati wandei uye tichakurukura hunhu hwega hwega hwekugadzirisa zvinhu (colligative properties).
1. Kuderera kweKumanikidzwa kweUtsi (Mutemo waRaoult)
Muenzaniso wematambudziko:
Nyungudutsa magiramu 18 eurea (NH2CONH2) mumagiramu 200 emvura. Kudzikira kwesimba remvura inobuda mumvura yakachena kungave kuri pa23.8 mmHg here? (Molar mass yeurea = 60 g/mol)
Kukurukurirana:
Kuti tiverenge kudzikira kwesimba remhepo, tinofanira kuverenga chikamu chemole che solute.
1. Verenga huwandu hwemamota eurea:
\[
\text{Nhamba yemamoles eurea} = \frac{18 \text{ g}}{60 \text{ g/mol}} = 0.3 \text{ mol}
\]
2. Verenga huwandu hwemamota emvura:
\[
\text{Molar mass yemvura} = 18 \text{ g/mol}
\]
\[
\text{Nhamba yemamota emvura} = \frac{200 \text{g}}{18 \text{g/mol}} = 11.11 \text{mol}
\]
3. Verenga chikamu chemole che solute:
\[
x_{\text{urea}} = \frac{0.3 \text{ mol}}{0.3 \text{ mol} + 11.11 \text{ mol}} = 0.0265
\]
4. Kuderera kwekumanikidzwa kwemhepo:
\[
\Delta P = P_0 \cdot x_{\text{urea}} = 23.8 \text{ mmHg} \times 0.0265 = 0.63 \text{ mmHg}
\]
2. Kukwirira Kwenzvimbo Inofashaira
Muenzaniso wematambudziko:
Chii chinonzi kufashaira kwemvura ine 1 mol NaCl/kg? Kf yemvura i0.52 °C/m2.
Kukurukurirana:
NaCl mumushonga inopatsanurwa kuita maion maviri (Na+ naCl-), saka van 't Hoff factor (i) i2.
1. Verenga huwandu hwemvura inobuda muropa (m):
\[
m = \frac{1 \text{ mol}}{1 \text{ kg}} = 1 \text{ m}
\]
2. Kukwirira kwenzvimbo yekufashaira:
\[
\Delta T_b = i \cdot K_b \cdot m = 2 \cdot 0.52 \text{ °C/m} \cdot 1 \text{ m} = 1.04 \text{ °C}
\]
Saka, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekufashaira kwemvura mumvura iyi i1.04 °C.
3. Kuora Mwoyo Nekutonhora
Muenzaniso wematambudziko:
Verengai kudzika kwemvura ine 0.5 mol yeglucose (C6H12O6)/kg yemvura. Kf yemvura i1.86 °C/m2.
Kukurukurirana:
Glucose haisanganisike mumushonga, saka van 't Hoff factor (i) i1.
1. Verenga huwandu hwemvura inobuda muropa (m):
\[
m = \frac{0.5 \text{ mol}}{1 \text{ kg}} = 0.5 \text{ m}
\]
2. Kuora mwoyo kwenzvimbo yechando:
\[
\Delta T_f = i \cdot K_f \cdot m = 1 \cdot 1.86 \text{ °C/m} \cdot 0.5 \text{ m} = 0.93 \text{ °C}
\]
Saka, kudzika kwenzvimbo yekuomesa mvura (freezing point depression) kwemvura iyi i0.93°C.
4. Kumanikidzwa kweOsmotic
Muenzaniso wematambudziko:
Verenga kumanikidzwa kwe osmotic kwe 0.1 M urea solution pa 27 °C. (R = 0.0821 L·atm/K·mol)
Kukurukurirana:
Kumanikidzwa kweOsmotic (\(\pi\)) kunogona kuverengerwa uchishandisa fomura:
\[
\pi = MRT
\]
1. Chinja tembiricha kuita Kelvin:
\[
T = 27 \chinyorwa{°C} + 273.15 = 300.15 \chinyorwa{K}
\]
2. Verenga kumanikidzwa kwe osmotic:
\[
\pi = 0.1 \chinyorwa{ M} \nguva 0.0821 \chinyorwa{ L·atm/K·mol} \nguva 300.15 \chinyorwa{ K}
\]
\[
\pi = 2.461 \chinyorwa{atm}
\]
Saka, kumanikidzwa kwe osmotic kwemhinduro ndeye 2.461 atm.
Mhedziso
Hunhu hwekugadzirisa hune simba hunopa ruzivo rwakareruka asi rune simba pamusoro pekuti mhinduro dzinoita sei zvichibva pahuwandu hwezvimedu zvinonyunguduka. Kuburikidza nemienzaniso iri pamusoro, tinogona kunzwisisa maverengero ekudzikisa kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yekufashaira, kuderera kwenzvimbo yekutonhora, uye kumanikidzwa kwe osmotic kwemhinduro. Tinovimba kuti tsananguro idzi nemienzaniso zvinobatsira mukunzwisisa pfungwa yehunhu hwekugadzirisa hune simba hwemhinduro uye mashandisirwo adzo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, maitiro eindasitiri, uye kutsvagurudza kwesainzi.
