Mienzaniso yeMibvunzo Inotaura Nezvekunyungudika uye Kunyungudika Kwechigadzirwa
Kunyungudika uye chigadzirwa chekunyungudika (Ksp) ipfungwa dzakakosha mukemikari dzine chekuita nemhinduro dzakaguta uye kunyungudika kwechinhu chiri mumushonga. Kunzwisisa nyaya iyi kunogona kutibatsira kufanotaura kuti munyu uchanyungudika sei mumushonga uye kuti zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokanganisa sei kunyungudika ikoko. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso yakati wandei yematambudziko uye mhinduro dzawo dzine chekuita nekunyungudika uye Ksp.
Pfungwa Dzekutanga
Kunyungudika (S) huwandu hwakanyanya hwechinhu chinogona kunyungudika mu solvent kuti chigadzire mhinduro yakazara patembiricha yakatarwa. Kazhinji, kunyungudika kunoratidzwa muzvikamu zve molarity (mol/L).
Chigadzirwa cheSolubility (Ksp) ndicho chinoumba chiyero che equilibrium chekupatsanurwa kwema electrolytes anonyungudika zvishoma mumvura. Ksp inopa ruzivo nezvehukuru hwemunyu unonyungudika mumvura uye ndicho chigadzirwa chehuwandu hwema ions mu saturated solution, imwe neimwe ichikwira kusvika kusimba re stoichiometric coefficient yayo.
Semuenzaniso, kana tine munyu AxBy unopatsanurwa kuita maion zvichienderana ne equation:
\[ \chinyorwa{AxBy (s)} \kurudyileftharpoons xA^{n+} (aq) + yB^{m-} (aq) \]
Saka, Ksp inogona kunyorwa seizvi:
\[ \text{Ksp} = [A^{n+}]^x [B^{m-}]^y \]
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nehurukuro
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 1
Mubvunzo:
Verenga kunyungudika kwe \(AgCl\) (Ksp = \(1.8 \times 10^{-10}\)) mumvura yakachena.
Kukurukurirana:
Ksp \(AgCl\) = 1.8 x \(10^{-10}\) mol²/L²
Maitiro ekuparadzanisa:
\[AgCl (s) \rightleftharpoons Ag^+ (aq) + Cl^- (aq)\]
Ngatitii kunyungudika kwe \(AgCl\) kuri S mol/L. Zvadaro, kuwanda kwe \(Ag^+\) uye \(Cl^-\) mumushonga wakazara kuchaenzana neS mol/L.
Equation yeKsp:
\[Ksp = [Ag^+][Cl^-]\]
Tsiva kukosha kweS:
\[1.8 \kawa 10^{-10} = S \kawa S\]
\[S^2 = 1.8 \kawa 10^{-10}\]
\[S = \sqrt{1.8 \kawa 10^{-10}} \]
\[S = 1.34 \kawa 10^{-5} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Saka, kunyungudika kwe \(AgCl\) mumvura yakachena ndeye \(1.34 \times 10^{-5}\) mol/L.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 2
Mubvunzo:
Chii chinonzi kunyungudika kwe \(CaF_2\) (Ksp = \(3.9 \times 10^{-11}\)) mumvura yakachena?
Kukurukurirana:
Maitiro ekuparadzanisa:
\[CaF_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} (aq) + 2F^- (aq)\]
Ngatitii kunyungudika kwe \(CaF_2\) kuri S mol/L. Zvadaro, kunyungudika kwe \(Ca^{2+}\) mumushonga wakazara iS mol/L uye kunyungudika kwe \(F^-\) i2S mol/L.
Equation yeKsp:
\[Ksp = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2\]
Tsiva kukosha kweS:
\[3.9 \kawa 10^{-11} = S \kawa (2S)^2\]
\[3.9 \kawa 10^{-11} = S \kawa 4S^2\]
\[3.9 \kawa 10^{-11} = 4S^3\]
\[S^3 = \frac{3.9 \kawa 10^{-11}}{4}\]
\[S^3 = 9.75 \kawa 10^{-12}\]
\[S = \sqrt[3]{9.75 \kawa 10^{-12}}\]
\[S \inenge 2.1 \kawa 10^{-4} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Saka, kunyungudika kwe \(CaF_2\) mumvura yakachena ndeye \(2.1 \times 10^{-4}\) mol/L.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 3
Mubvunzo:
Chii chinonzi kunyungudika kwe \(PbCl_2\) (Ksp = \(1.7 \times 10^{-5}\)) mu \(0.1\) M \(HCl\) mhinduro?
Kukurukurirana:
Maitiro ekuparadzanisa:
\[PbCl_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Pb^{2+} (aq) + 2Cl^- (aq)\]
Ngatitii kunyungudika kwe \(PbCl_2\) kuri S mol/L. Zvadaro, kuunganidzwa kwe \(Pb^{2+}\) mumushonga wakazara iS mol/L uye kuunganidzwa kwekuwedzera kwe \(Cl^-\) kubva mukupatsanurwa kwe \(PbCl_2\) i2S mol/L.
Zvisinei, panewo \(Cl^-\) kubva ku \(HCl\) iyo yatovepo kusvika ku0.1 M.
Equation yeKsp:
\[Ksp = [Pb^{2+}][Cl^-]^2\]
Tsiva kukosha kweS uye \(Cl^-\):
\[1.7 \kawa 10^{-5} = S \kawa (0.1 + 2S)^2\]
Sezvo 0.1 M \(Cl^-\) yakakura kupfuura 2S, \(0.1 + 2S \approx 0.1\).
Saka kuverenga kunova nyore:
\[1.7 \kawa 10^{-5} = S \kawa (0.1)^2\]
\[1.7 \kawa 10^{-5} = S \kawa 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.7 \kawa 10^{-5}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.7 \kawa 10^{-3} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Saka, kunyungudika kwe \(PbCl_2\) mu \(0.1\) M \(HCl\) ndiko \(1.7 \times 10^{-3}\) mol/L.
Muenzaniso Mubvunzo 4
Mubvunzo:
Verenga kunyungudika kwe \(BaSO_4\) (Ksp = \(1.1 \times 10^{-10}\)) mumhinduro ine \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\).
Kukurukurirana:
Maitiro ekuparadzanisa:
\[BaSO_4 (s) \kurudyiftharpoons Ba^{2+} (aq) + SO_4^{2-} (aq)\]
Ngatitii kunyungudika kwe \(BaSO_4\) kuri S mol/L. Zvadaro, kunyungudika kwe \(Ba^{2+}\) mumushonga wakazara iS mol/L uye kunyungudika kwe \(SO_4^{2-}\) kwe \(BaSO_4\) iS mol/L. Zvisinei, kune \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) ye \(Na_2SO_4\).
Equation yeKsp:
\[Ksp = [Ba^{2+}][SO_4^{2-}]\]
Tsiva kukosha kwaS na \(SO_4^{2-}\):
\[1.1 \nguva 10^{-10} = S \nguva (0.01 + S)\]
Sezvo \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) yakakura kupfuura S, \(0.01 + S \approx 0.01\).
Saka kuverenga kunova nyore:
\[1.1 \kawa 10^{-10} = S \kawa 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.1 \kawa 10^{-10}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.1 \kawa 10^{-8} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Saka, kunyungudika kwe \(BaSO_4\) mumushonga une \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\) ndiko \(1.1 \times 10^{-8}\) mol/L.
Mhedziso
Kuburikidza nematambudziko ari pamusoro apa, tinogona kuona kuti pfungwa dzekunyungudika nechigadzirwa chekunyungudika (Ksp) zvinoshandiswa sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Kunzwisisa uku kwakakosha mukuongorora makemikari, kunyanya patinoda kuona kunyungudika kwemunyu wakati pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana, akadai semusanganiswa wakachena kana kuti paine ion yakajairika. Kugona kugadzirisa matambudziko aya kunotibatsira mumabasa akawanda anoshanda, anosanganisira mishonga, makemikari ezvakatipoteredza, uye kucheneswa kwezvinhu.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kunyungudika kwemunyu hakungotsamiri pahuwandu hweKsp chete, asiwo kunogona kukanganiswa nekuwanda kwemamwe maion mumushonga, tembiricha, uye pH yenharaunda. Nekushandisa misimboti yekutanga yekemikari uye nyore kuverenga, tinogona kufanotaura nekudzora zviitiko zvekunyungudika mumasisitimu akasiyana-siyana emakemikari.
