Mibvunzo yeMienzaniso neKukurukurirana kweMhedzisiro yeKupiswa kweHydrocarbon
Kupiswa kwemahydrocarbon chinhu chinowanzoitika muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Mahydrocarbon, ayo ane makemikari ane maatomu ekabhoni nehydrogen, ndiwo mafuta makuru anoshandiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita sekufambisa, maindasitiri, uye mhuri. Kunyange zvazvo kupisa mahydrocarbon kuchipa simba rakawanda uye rinoshanda, maitiro aya anewo mhedzisiro yakawanda panharaunda nehutano hwevanhu. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mienzaniso uye chichakurukura mhedzisiro yekupiswa kwemahydrocarbon zvakadzama.
Tsanangudzo yeHydrocarbons
Pamakemikari, mahydrocarbon zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoumbwa nemaatomu ehydrogen necarbon chete. Mienzaniso yakajairika yemahydrocarbons imethane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), uye butane (C₄H₁₀). Mahydrocarbons anosanganisirawo peturu nezvimwe zvinobva mairi, zvakaita sepeturu, dhiziri, negasi rechisikigo. Kupisa kwemahydrocarbons kana paine okisijeni yakakwana kunoburitsa simba, kabhoni dioxide (CO₂), uye utsi hwemvura (H₂O).
Maitiro Ekupisa Hydrocarbon
Kazhinji, reaction equation yekupiswa kwemahydrocarbon inogona kunyorwa seinotevera:
CₓHᵧ + (x + \(\frac{y}{4}\)) O₂ → x CO₂ + \(\frac{y}{2}\) H₂O
Muenzaniso we methane:
CH₄ + 2 O₂ → CO₂ + 2 H₂O
Mhedzisiro yeKupisa kweHydrocarbon
1. Kuburitswa kweGasi Rinodziya Mudenga
Kupiswa kwemahydrocarbon kunoburitsa kabhoni dhayokisaidhi (CO₂), gasi guru rinopisa pasi rose. Gasi iri rinobatsira mukupisa kwepasi rose, richibata kupisa mumhepo uye richikonzera kupisa kwepasi rose. Kupisa kwepasi rose kunobva kwakonzera shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, izvo zvinokanganisa mamiriro ekunze akaipisisa, kunyungudutsa chando chepolar, uye kukwira kwehuwandu hwegungwa.
2. Kusvibiswa kweMhepo
Pamusoro peCO₂, kupiswa kwemahydrocarbon kunoburitsawo zvimwe zvinosvibisa zvakaita se sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), uye fine particulate matter (PM). Zvinosvibisa izvi zvinokonzera matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ehutano akadai seasthma, bronchitis, uye chirwere chemwoyo, pamwe nekukanganisa nharaunda.
3. Mvura ine Asidhi
Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) uye nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) zvinogadzirwa kubva mukupiswa kwemahydrocarbon zvinogona kuita pamwe chete nemhepo inopisa mumhepo, zvichigadzira sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) uye nitric acid (HNO₃). Mvura ine maacids aya inozivikanwa seacid rain, iyo inogona kukuvadza zvirimwa, zvivakwa, uye nzvimbo dzemvura.
4. Kuumbwa kweTropospheric Ozone (O₃)
Nitrogen oxides uye volatile organic compounds (VOCs) zvinogadzirwa kubva mukupiswa kwemahydrocarbon zvinogona kuita zvinoenderana nezuva kuti zvigadzire tropospheric ozone. Kunyange zvazvo stratospheric ozone ichitidzivirira kubva kumwaranzi inokuvadza ye ultraviolet, tropospheric ozone itsvina inogona kukonzera matambudziko ekufema nekukuvadza zvirimwa.
Mibvunzo yemuenzaniso nekukurukurirana
Heano mimwe mienzaniso yemibvunzo nehurukuro dzinotsanangura zvakadzama kukanganiswa kwekupiswa kwemahydrocarbon:
Mubvunzo 1:
Zvinozivikanwa kuti kupiswa kwakakwana kwemamoles maviri epropane (C₃H₈) kunoburitsa kabhoni diokisijeni nemvura. Mamoles mangani eCO₂ neH₂O anogadzirwa kubva mukupiswa uku? Ratidza matanho ekugadzirisa dambudziko iri.
Kukurukurirana:
Mhinduro yekupisa kwepropane ndeiyi:
C₃H₈ + 5 O₂ → 3 CO₂ + 4 H₂O
Kubva pa reaction equation iri pamusoro apa, tinoziva kuti mole imwe yepropane (C₃H₈) inoburitsa mamoles matatu eCO₂ uye mamoles mana eH₂O. Saka, kana tikapisa mamoles maviri epropane:
– mamorekuru eCO₂ anogadzirwa = 2 mol C₃H₈ × 3 mol CO₂/mol C₃H₈ = 6 mol CO₂
– H₂O mamorekuru anogadzirwa = 2 mol C₃H₈ × 4 mol H₂O/mol C₃H₈ = 8 mol H₂O
Saka, kupiswa kwemamoles maviri epropane kunoburitsa mamoles matanhatu eCO₂ uye mamoles masere eH₂O.
Mubvunzo 2:
Kana zvichizivikanwa kuti kupiswa kwe1 litre yepeturu (semuenzaniso octane, C₈H₁₈) kunoburitsa 2,3 kg yeCO₂, ivhoriyamu ipi yeCO₂ gasi inogadzirwa pasi pemamiriro akajairwa (0°C ne1 atm), tichifunga kuti density yeCO₂ iri 1,98 kg/m³?
Mhinduro:
Kutanga, tinoverenga kuti CO₂ yakawanda sei inogadzirwa kana litre imwe yepeturu ichiburitsa 2,3 kg yeCO₂:
Huremu hweCO₂ hwakagadzirwa = 2,3 kg
Kuwanda kweCO₂ = 1,98 kg/m³
Vhoriyamu yeCO₂ = Huremu hweCO₂ / Huremu hweCO₂
\[ \text{Volume} \, CO2 = \frac{2.3 \, kg}{1.98 \, kg/m³} = 1.16 \, m³ \]
Zvisinei, tinofanira kushandura mayuniti kuita marita kuti tiwane huwandu:
1 m³ = marita 1000
Saka, huwandu hweCO₂ mumarita ndehwekuti:
\[ 1.16 \, m³ \kawa 1000 \, litre/m³ = 1160 \, litre \]
Saka, litre imwe yepeturu inoburitsa marita angangoita 1160 eCO₂ pasi pemamiriro akajairwa.
Mubvunzo 3:
Basa reNOₓ pakuumbwa kwe tropospheric ozone nderei? Tsanangura mashandiro acho.
Kukurukurirana:
Nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) imhando huru yezvinosvibisa zvinokonzerwa nekupisa kwemahydrocarbon. Zvikamu zvikuru zveokisijeni initrogen monoxide (NO) uye nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). Maitiro ekuumbwa kweozone inonzi tropospheric ari kuburikidza nemakemikari anosanganisira NOₓ uye volatile organic compounds (VOCs), seizvi:
1. NO₂ → NO + O (muzuva)
2. O + O₂ → O₃ (ozone)
Maitiro aya anoratidza kuti NO₂ inopatsanuka sei kuita NO uye maatomu eokisijeni (O) nerubatsiro rwezuva. Maatomu eokisijeni anobva aita mamorekuru eokisijeni (O₂) kuti aumbe ozone (O₃). Ozone iyi, iri mutroposphere, inosvibisa zvinhu zvinokuvadza hutano hwevanhu nezvirimwa.
Mubvunzo 4:
Tsanangura kuti kupiswa kwemahydrocarbon kunogona sei kukonzera mvura ine acid uye kuti zvinokanganisa sei nharaunda?
Kukurukurirana:
Kupiswa kwemahydrocarbon ane sarufa kunoburitsa sarufa dioxide (SO₂). Gasi reSO₂ rinozobatana neokisijeni nemvura mumhepo kuti rigadzire sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄):
\[ 2 SO₂ + O₂ → 2 SO₃ \]
\[ SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄ \]
Pamusoro pezvo, kupiswa kunogadzirawo nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) iyo inogona kusangana nemvura kuumba nitric acid (HNO₃):
\[ 2 NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₃ \]
Mvura inotakura sulfuric ne nitric acids inozivikanwa se acid rain. Mhedzisiro yayo panharaunda inosanganisira:
– Zvirimwa: Mvura ine acid inogona kukuvadza mashizha, kumisa kukura, uye kukonzera kufa kwezvirimwa.
– Mvura: Inoderedza pH yemvura, zvichikonzera mamiriro eacidic anouraya zvisikwa zvemumvura.
– Zvivako: Zvinokanganisa zvinhu zvekuvaka, kunyanya izvo zvakagadzirwa nedombo remarara kana remabhuru.
Nekuongorora matambudziko emuenzaniso uye mashandiro emakemikari ari pamusoro apa, tinowana mufananidzo wakajeka wemhedzisiro yekupiswa kwemahydrocarbon pazvakatipoteredza uye pahutano. Kunzwisisa uku kwakakosha pakutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda uye kushandisa nzira dzekupisa dzakachena.
