Tekinoroji Inoshandiswa Mumamishinari Kuenda kuMars
Vanhu vagara vachifarira denga nenyeredzi dziri kure. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, chishuwo chekuongorora mamwe mapuraneti chakawedzera kusimba, kunyanya Mars, inowanzonzi 'Red Planet'. Semuvakidzani wepedyo wePasi muSolar System , Mars ine zvakawanda zvakafanana uye misiyano yakakosha, zvichiita kuti ive chinangwa chikuru chemabasa ekuongorora muchadenga. Basa rekuenda kuMars pasina mubvunzo richada matekinoroji epamusoro uye matsva anoramba achichinja. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura mamwe matekinoroji akakosha anoshandiswa mubasa rekuenda kuMars.
1. Roketi Rinovhura Roketi
Danho rekutanga murwendo rwekuenda kuMars nderekubva paNyika. Tekinoroji yeroketi yekuburitsa chinhu chakakosha. Roketi yeFalcon Heavy yeSpaceX neNASA's Space Launch System (SLS) mienzaniso yemota dzinoburitsa zvinhu dzinokwanisa kutakura zvinhu zvakawanda muchadenga. Maroketi aya akagadzirwa kuti akwanise kubata kumanikidzwa kukuru kwekuburitsa zvinhu uye kupa simba rakakwana kuti atize simba repasi . Semuenzaniso, Falcon Heavy iroketi inokwanisa kutakura zvinhu zvinorema uku ichideredza mutengo pakirogiramu yemutoro unoburitswa mudenga.
2. Sisitimu yekufambisa mapuraneti
Mushure mekubuda muPasi, chitundumuseremusere chinoda sisitimu yekufambisa kuti chifambe pakati pemapuraneti. Tekinoroji yekufambisa magetsi (ion thrusters) ndiyo imwe mhinduro iri kugadzirwa. Tekinoroji iyi inogadzira simba nekukurumidzisa maion uchishandisa minda yemagineti kana emagetsi , zvichibvumira kushandiswa kwemafuta zviri nani kupfuura maroketi emakemikari echinyakare. NASA yakabudirira kuyedza tekinoroji iyi pamabasa akati wandei, kusanganisira Dawn mission, iyo yakatumira ma probe ku asteroid Vesta nepuraneti diki Ceres.
3. Kufamba uye Kutaurirana
Kufamba nechikepe chemuchadenga kuenda kuMars kunoda kufamba kwakanyatsojeka. Sisitimu yeGPS yatinoshandisa paNyika haishande muchadenga, saka chombo chemuchadenga chinofanira kushandisa masisitimu ekufamba nenyeredzi uye ekutevera maredhiyo kuti chione nzvimbo yacho. Deep Space Network yeNASA ine nzvimbo nhatu muCalifornia, Spain, neAustralia dzinoshanda pamwe chete kuti dzitevedzere uye dzitaure nechikwande chemuchadenga chinofamba kure nePasi. Iyi tekinoroji yekutaurirana yakakoshawo pakutumira data resainzi kuPasi uye kugamuchira mirairo kubva kumapoka ebasa.
4. Kumhara uye Kuburuka
Kuisa rover pamusoro peMars ndeimwe yematambudziko makuru ebasa iri. Mars ine mhepo yakatetepa, zvichireva kuti tekinoroji yeparachuti yakajairika haina kukwana kuti rover ideredze kumhanya kwayo zvakachengeteka. Saka, matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana matsva akagadzirwa. Sky Crane ndeimwe yetekinoroji inochinja-chinja inoshandiswa neCuriosity Rover, uko lander inoshandisa crane inobhururuka kudzikisa rover zvinyoro nyoro pamusoro peMars.
Pamusoro peSky Crane, tekinoroji yakaoma yeEntry, Descent, uye Landing (EDL) inodiwawo. Zvidziviriro zvekupisa zvinodzivirira rover panguva yekupinda zvakare mumhepo yeMars kubva pakupisa kwakanyanya kunokonzerwa nekukweshana. Sisitimu yekudzora kufamba kwemhepo uye maparachuti esupersonic zvinoshandiswa kunonotsa rover mushure mekupinda zvakare.
5. MaRover neKuongorora Pamusoro
MaRover ndiwo maturusi makuru ekuongorora pamusoro peMars. MaRover akadai seSpirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, uye munguva pfupi yapfuura, Perseverance, ane zvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvesainzi zvekuunganidza ruzivo nezve geology, mamiriro ekunze, uye mukana wekuti hupenyu huvepo. Semuenzaniso, Perseverance ine makamera emhando yepamusoro, maspectrometer, uye maturusi ekuboorera ekuunganidza mienzaniso yematombo nevhu.
Tekinoroji yekufamba uye yekuzvitonga inokoshawo. Marovha anofanira kukwanisa kufamba munzvimbo dzakaoma uye kufamba ari ega munzvimbo dzisina kujairika. Masisitimu ekudzora otomatiki uye huchenjeri hwekugadzira zvinogonesa marovha kudzivirira zvipingamupinyi uye kusarudza nzira yakanakisa yemabasa avo.
6. Simba Nesimba
Marovha nedzimwe ngarava dzemuchadenga dzinoda simba rakavimbika uye rinogara kwenguva refu. Mapaneru ezuva anoshandiswa zvakanyanya, asi paMars, guruva rinogona kuderedza kushanda kwawo. Nokudaro, matekinoroji akaita seThermal Radioisotope Generators (RTGs), anoshandisa kuora kwemwaranzi kugadzira magetsi, ari kuva mhinduro dzinokwezva. Perseverance Rover ndeimwe yemotokari dzakadaro dzinoshandisa RTG, inopa makore ekutsungirira kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
7. Tekinoroji yeHupenyu neHupenyu
Pamabasa ekuenda kuMars mune ramangwana, matekinoroji ekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzekugara nedzekuchengetedza hupenyu akakosha. Vatyairi vendege vachada nzvimbo dzekugara dzinogona kuvadzivirira kubva kumwaranzi yemuchadenga uye nharaunda yakaipisisa yeMars. Matekinoroji ekugara akadai senzvimbo dzinofefeterwa nemhepo ari kugadzirwa nemasangano akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira NASA.
Masisitimu anoshanda zvakanaka ekutsigira hupenyu anodiwawo kuti pave neokisijeni, mvura, uye chikafu. Matekinoroji ekushandisa patsva, akadai seElectron system inoshandiswa paInternational Space Station (ISS) kugadzira okisijeni kubva kucarbon dioxide, achava akakosha. Tsvagiridzo iri kuenderera mberiwo pamatekinoroji ekugadzira zviwanikwa zvakananga paMars, zvakaita sekubvisa mvura kubva muvhu kana mumhepo uye kushandisa zvinhu zvemuno pakuvaka.
8. Kuedza uye Miedzo yeMunzvimbo
Mishoni dzekuenda kuMars dzinowanzo sanganisira kuyedza kwekugara panzvimbo imwe chete kuti dzidzidze nharaunda yeMars uye geology. Tekinoroji dzakadai seMOXIE (Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Use Experiment Experiment) pakutsungirira, semuenzaniso, dzinoedza kugadzira okisijeni kubva kucarbon dioxide mumhepo yeMars. Iri idanho rekutanga mukuratidza pfungwa yekushandisa zviwanikwa zvemuno, izvo zvingave zvakakosha pakutsigira mishoni dzemangwana dzinoshandiswa nevanhu.
9. Tekinoroji yeRobotic uye Kushandiswa kweDrone
PaMars, nzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoita kuti kutsvaga kuve kwakaoma. Saka, marobhoti netekinoroji yemadrone zvakakosha. Helikopta yeIngenuity, iri muchirongwa chePerseverance, muenzaniso weizvi zvitsva. Yakakura sebhasiketi chete, drone iyi yakabudirira kubhururuka kwekutanga kwaidzorwa mumhepo yakatetepa yeMars, ichivhura mikana yakakura yekutsvaga madrone munzvimbo dzakaoma kune marovha emazuva ano.
10. Tekinoroji yeKudzorera Muenzaniso
Kudzosa sampuro kubva kuMars kuenda kuPasi chinangwa chakakosha kwenguva refu. Iyi tekinoroji inosanganisira kugadzira sisitimu yekuburitsa kubva pamusoro peMars kuenda kunotenderera uye chitundumuseremusere chinogona kutora nekudzorera sampuro idzi kuPasi. Chirongwa cheMars Sample Return chirongwa chikuru chinosanganisira matanho akawanda uye matekinoroji epamusoro ekuzadzisa chinangwa ichi.
Mhedziso
Basa rekuenda kuMars nderimwe rematambudziko makuru mukutsvaga muchadenga, rinoda tekinoroji yepamusoro uye itsva padanho rega rega rerwendo. Kubva kumotokari dzinotanga kubhururuka, kufamba kwemapuraneti, uye masisitimu ekumhara, kusvika kune tekinoroji yekufamba nendege, kutaurirana, uye rutsigiro rwehupenyu, zvese izvi zvine basa guru mukubudirira kwebasa iri. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, tariro yedu yekunzwisisa zvakawanda nezveMars uye kunyangwe kufunga nezvekutorwa kwevanhu inova yechokwadi. Sezvatinoramba tichifambira mberi mukutsvaga kwedu ruzivo nekutsvaga, Mars inzvimbo itsva yakamirira kuongororwa.
