Bhandi reKuiper muAstronomy
Kuiper Belt ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonakidza zvikuru muSolar System, inoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetedza zvinhu zvidiki zvakasara kubva pakuumbwa kwemapuraneti. Iri kure nekutenderera kweNeptune, Kuiper Belt ine zviratidzo zvakakosha nezvekuti Solar System yakashanduka sei mumakore 4,6 bhiriyoni apfuura. Kunyange zvazvo ichiwanzoonekwa senzvimbo isina chinhu uye ine rima, chaizvoizvo ine simba: inopesvedzerwa nekukweva kwemapuraneti makuru, akazadzwa nezviuru zvemitumbi ine chando, uye musha wemamwe makometi mapfupi anowanzo pfuura pedyo neZuva.
Tsanangudzo uye Nzvimbo yeKuiper Belt
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, Kuiper Belt idenderedzwa gobvu, rakaita sedhisiki kana kuti "bhandi" rinotenderedza Zuva padaro remaAstronomical Units (AU) angangoita 30 kusvika 50. AU imwe chete ndiyo avhareji yedaro riri pakati pePasi neZuva, makiromita angangoita 150 miriyoni. Izvi zvinoreva kuti Kuiper Belt inotangira padaro rinenge reNeptune (inenge 30 AU) uye inosvika pa50 AU, kunyange hazvo zvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nazvo zvichigona kuwanikwa kure.
Dunhu iri rinowanzo enzaniswa neAsteroid Belt iri pakati peMars neJupiter, asi zviviri izvi zvakasiyana zvakanyanya: Asteroid Belt inonyanya kuva nematombo uye simbi, nepo Kuiper Belt ine ice yakawanda—yakadai sechando chemvura, methane, ammonia, nezvimwe zvinopisa—nekuda kwekupisa kwakaderera zvakanyanya muSolar System yekunze.
Nhoroondo yeKuwanikwa uye Kuvandudzwa kweMafungiro
"Kuiper Belt" yakatumidzwa zita remuongorori wenyeredzi Gerard Kuiper, uyo pakati pezana remakore rechi20 akakurukura nezve mukana wekuti zvinhu zvidiki zviwande kunze kweNeptune. Zvisinei, pfungwa ye "dura" rezvinhu zve trans-Neptunian yakataurwawo nevamwe vaongorori venyeredzi vakati wandei. Zvinofadza kuti Kuiper pachake akataura kuti dunhu iri ringave risina kunyanya kuzara nekuti simba rekukweva remapuraneti makuru raizoparadzira zvinhu zvakawanda.
Zvakaonekwa zvitsva zvemazuva ano zvakasimbisa pfungwa iyi zvechokwadi. Muna 1992, nyanzvi dzenyeredzi David Jewitt naJane Luu vakawana chinhu chekutanga chinozivikanwa zvakanyanya chinonzi trans-Neptunian object, 1992 QB1. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaratidza shanduko huru: kubvira ipapo, mazana kusvika kuzviuru zvezvinhu zveKuiper Belt zvakawanikwa, uye nhamba chaiyo inofungidzirwa kuti yakakura kupfuura iyo inogona kuonekwa nemateresikopu aripo iye zvino.
Kuumbwa uye Mhando dzeZvinhu muKuiper Belt
Zvinhu zveKuiper Belt (KBOs) zvinowanzonzi Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). Zvinosiyana muhukuru kubva pazvidimbu zvidiki zvine dhayamita yemakiromita mashoma kusvika kuzvinhu zvikuru zvine hupamhi hwemakiromita mazana kusvika zviuru. Muumbirwo wazvo unowanzova musanganiswa wechando nezvinhu zvine matombo. MaKBO mazhinji ane nzvimbo dzakatsvuka nekuda kwemakemikari akaomarara eorganic (tholins) anoumbwa apo mwaranzi yezuva nemwaranzi yecosmic zvinoshandura mamorekuru ari pamusoro pechando.
Mamwe mapoka akakosha muhuwandu hwevanhu vekuKuiper Belt anosanganisira:
1. Bhandi reKuiper reClassical (KBO)
Zvinhu zvine nzira dzekutenderera "dzakanyarara" hazvinyanyi kukanganiswa nekufamba kweNeptune. Uyezve, kune boka diki re "cold classical" rine nzira diki dzekutenderera dzinoonekwa se "dzakavanzika" uye dzisina kumbokanganiswa zvakanyanya kubva pakutanga kwekuumbwa kweSolar System.
2. Zvinhu Zvinoenderana
Zvinhu zvinobatwa negiravhiti neNeptune. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira ndiPluto, iyo iri muresonance ye3:2, zvichireva kuti Pluto inotenderera Zuva kaviri katatu paNeptune orbits.
3. Zvinhu zveDiski Yakapararira
Vaine madenderedzwa akawanda edenderedzwa uye anowanzo tenderera, anofungidzirwa kuti akakonzerwa ne "kukick" yegiravhiti kubva kuNeptune kare, huwandu uhu hunomiririra zambuko rinoshanduka pakati peKuiper Belt nenzvimbo dziri kure.
4. Centaur
Zvinhu zvine nzira dzekutenderera dziri pakati pedzemapuraneti makuru zvinogona kunge zvichibva muKuiper Belt uye zviri kufamba zvichienda muSolar System yemukati. Mamwe maCentaur anogona kukura kuita macomet.
Pluto uye Kuchinja Kwetsananguro yePlanet
Bhandi reKuiper rine basa guru munhoroondo yekuongorora nyeredzi dzemazuva ano, kunyanya maererano nechimiro chaPluto. Pluto yakawanikwa muna 1930 uye kwemakumi emakore yaionekwa sepuraneti rechipfumbamwe. Zvisinei, sezvo zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana nePluto zvakawanikwa, vaongorori venyeredzi vakatanga kusava nechokwadi kana Pluto yaive yakasiyana zvechokwadi. Muna 2006, International Astronomical Union (IAU) yakagamuchira tsananguro itsva yepuraneti. Pluto haina kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zve "kubvisa zvimwe zvinhu munharaunda yayo inotenderera," uye nekudaro yakaverengerwa sepuraneti diki.
Kunze kwePluto, mamwe mapuraneti madiki akabatana neKuiper Belt ndiHaumea neMakemake. Zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru, zvakaita seEris, zvinowanzobatanidzwa nenzvimbo yediski yakapararira, asi zvichiri kunzi trans-Neptunian. Gakava iri rinoratidza kuti Kuiper Belt harisi "muganhu" weSolar System chete, asi idunhu riri kumanikidza vanhu kuti vafunge patsva kuti tinoronga sei nyika dziri kunze kwenyika.
Basa reKuiper Belt muKushanduka kweSolar System
Panyaya yesainzi, Kuiper Belt inoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetedza zvinhu zvepasi rose. MaKBO mazhinji anofungidzirwa kuti ndiwo masara kubva kumadhisiki eprotoplanetary asina kumbobvira aumba mapuraneti makuru nekuda kwekukweva kwaNeptune uye huwandu hushoma hwezvinhu. Nekudzidza kuumbwa kwemakemikari, ruvara, uye kutenderera kweKBO, masayendisiti anogona kugadzirazve mamiriro ekutanga eSolar System.
Mamodheru ekushanduka-shanduka akadai seNice Model (inodudzwa kuti "Nis") anoratidza kuti mapuraneti makuru anogona kunge akatama pakutanga kwawo. Kutama uku kwakakanganisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvidiki, zvichitora zvimwe kuita maresonances uye zvichiparadzira zvimwe mudiski yakapararira. Muchirevo ichi, Kuiper Belt humbowo hunochinja-chinja hwekuti Solar System haina kuumbwa pakarepo muchimiro chayo chazvino, asi panzvimbo pezvo yakachinja zvikuru mumakore ayo ekutanga emamiriyoni.
Manyuko eComet Yenguva Pfupi
Bhandi reKuiper rinofungidzirwawo kuti ndiro rinonyanya kukonzera macomet mazhinji enguva pfupi, ayo anotenderera Zuva nenguva isingasviki makore 200. Kukweva kweNeptune, kudyidzana kwezvinhu, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvidiki zvinogona kuchinja kutenderera kweKBO, zvichiisundira munzvimbo yemapuraneti emukati. Painoswedera pedyo neZuva, chando chayo pamusoro chinodzika, zvichiita kuti comet ive necoma yakanaka nemuswe wayo.
Chiitiko ichi chinosimbisa pfungwa yekuti zvinhu zvidiki zviri kunze kweSolar System zvine simba guru munzvimbo dzemukati, kunyangwe paNyika. Munhoroondo refu yeSolar System, macomet nema asteroids zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakatakura mvura nemamorekuru eorganic angangodaro akaita basa mukubuda kwehupenyu, kunyangwe mashandiro ari shure kwekudyidzana uku achiri nyaya yekutsvagisa.
Kutsvaga Kuiper Belt: Basa reNew Horizons
Basa rakakurumbira rekushanyira Kuiper Belt iNew Horizons yeNASA. Yakabhururuka nePluto muna Chikunguru 2015 ndokudzosa mifananidzo nedata zvakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu: Pluto ine makomo echando, mapani enitrogen, uye mhepo yakaoma uye yakatetepa. New Horizons yakazoenderera mberi nerwendo rwayo ndokushanyira chinhu cheKuiper Belt chinonzi Arrokoth (2014 MU69) kutanga kwa2019. Arrokoth yakazove chinhu "chezvikamu zviviri" chaive chichibatana zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichipa humbowo hwekuti mapuraneti anogona kuumbwa kuburikidza nekuungana zvinyoro nyoro, pane kugara achiroverana nekuputika kukuru, kunoparadza.
Ruzivo rweNew Horizons runoratidza kuti Kuiper Belt inzvimbo yechisikigo yekudzidza kuumbwa kwemapuraneti, chimiro chepamusoro chemitumbi ine chando, uye nhoroondo yekuroverana kweSolar System.
Matambudziko Ekutarisa Nekutsvaga Munguva Yemberi
Kuona Kuiper Belt kwakaoma nekuda kwemadaro ayo makuru uye zvinhu zvidiki, zvisinganyatsooneki. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzinoshandisa materesikopu makuru ari pasi nepadenga, ongororo dzemudenga dzinodzokororwa, uye nzira dzekugadzira mifananidzo dzakaoma kuti dzitevedzere nzvimbo idzi dzechiedza dzinofamba zvishoma nezvishoma. Mune ramangwana, zvizvarwa zvitsva zvemateresikopu nezvirongwa zvakawanda zvekuongorora zvinotarisirwa kuwana mamwe maKBO, kuronga kupararira kwawo, uye kubatsira kupindura mibvunzo yakakosha: huremu hwese hweKuiper Belt chii? Kuumbwa kwayo kwemakemikari kunosiyana sei? Mapuraneti asina kuwanikwa ari kukanganisa kutenderera kwezvinhu izvi zviri kure here?
Bhandi reKuiper rakabatanawo negakava pamusoro pekuvapo kwe "Planet Nine," puraneti inofungidzirwa kuti inokanganisa maitiro emuchadenga ezvimwe zvinhu zvakanyanyisa zve trans-Neptunian. Kunyangwe zvisina kusimbiswa, fungidziro iyi inoratidza kuti kunze kweSolar System kuchine zvakavanzika zvakakosha.
Penutup
Kuiper Belt inzvimbo ine ruzivo rwakakura uye inokosha mukuongorora nyeredzi dzemazuva ano. Harisi muunganidzwa wezvinhu zvisina basa zvine chando, asi rasara rekugadzirwa kweSolar System, rine zviratidzo zvekutama kwemapuraneti, manyuko emakometi enguva pfupi, nezvinhu zvakasiyana zvakaita semapuraneti madiki. Kuburikidza nekutarisa kweteresikopu uye mabasa emuchadenga akaita seNew Horizons, vanhu vanoramba vachiwana mapeji enhoroondo yeSolar System yakanyorwa muhuwandu hwechando pamucheto werima. Patinonyanya kuongorora, ndipo pazvinova pachena kuti "mucheto" weSolar System une chimwe chezvinokosha zvekunzwisisa mavambo uye mashandiro ehurongwa hwedu hwemapuraneti.
