Bhandi reAsteroid muSolar System
Bhandi re asteroid ndeimwe yezvivakwa zvinonakidza zvikuru mu solar system, ichichengetedza "zvivako zvekuvaka" zvakasara kubva pakuumbwa kwemapuraneti. Patinofunga nezve asteroid belt, tinowanzo fungidzira mifananidzo yenzvimbo ine matombo akawanda, ane njodzi, akabatanidzwa pamwe chete, sechinhu chakabva mufirimu resainzi. Muchokwadi, bhandi re asteroid rakavhurika kupfuura zvinofungidzirwa kazhinji: avhareji yedaro pakati pe asteroids yakakura, zvichiita kuti mukana wekurovera zvakananga uve mudiki. Kunyange zvakadaro, dunhu iri richiri kukosha kusainzi, richishanda senzvimbo yekuchengetedza zvakasikwa inotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti solar system yakaumbwa sei uye yakashanduka sei.
Chii chinonzi asteroid belt?
Bhandi re asteroid inzvimbo iri mu solar system yakazara nezvinhu zvidiki, zvine matombo, uye zvesimbi zvinotenderera Zuva, zviri pakati pema orbits eMars neJupiter. Zvinhu izvi zvinonzi ma asteroids kana mapuraneti madiki. Saizi dzazvo dzinotangira pamamita mashoma kusvika kumazana emakiromita. Kazhinji, bhandi guru re asteroid rinotambanuka padaro rinenge 2,1 kusvika 3,3 astronomical units (AU) kubva kuZuva (1 AU yakaenzana nedaro repakati pePasi neZuva remakiromita angangoita 150 miriyoni).
Bhandi iri rine mamiriyoni emaasteroid, asi huremu hwawo hudiki zvikuru pane hwepasi. Huremu hwakabatana hwebhandi rese reasteroid hunongova chikamu chidiki chete chehuremu hweMwedzi. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti, pasinei nehuwandu hwawo hwakawanda, maasteroid ega ega anowanzova madiki uye akapararira.
Kwakatangira bhandi re asteroid
Mubvunzo wekare pamusoro pebhandi remaasteroid ndewekuti: sei mapuraneti asina kuumbwa ipapo? Pakutanga kwegadziriro yezuva, makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 4,6 apfuura, gasi neguruva mudhisiki reprotoplanetary zvakaungana pamwe chete kuita mapuraneti, mamwe acho akashanduka kuita mapuraneti. Munzvimbo iri pakati peMars neJupiter, maitiro aya aifanira kunge akaitikawo, asi kudhonza kwesimba reJupiter kwaive kwakasimba zvakanyanya. Kudhonza kwesimba resimba remagasi aya kwakagadzira kusagadzikana kwemuchadenga uye manzwi akawedzera mwero wekuroverana pakati pemapuraneti. Nekuda kweizvozvo, pachinzvimbo chekubatana nekukura, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaparadzwa uye zvakapatsanuka, zvichikonzera huwandu hwemaasteroid atinoona nhasi.
Nemamwe mashoko, bhandi re asteroid rinogona kuonekwa se "nzvimbo yekuvandudza yakakanganiswa." Matombo ekuvaka mapuraneti aripo, asi nharaunda inoshanduka haina kugadzikana kuti mapuraneti makuru arambe achikura.
Maumbirwo uye mashandiro: kwete "muunganidzwa wematombo" chete
Bhandi re asteroid harisi nzvimbo yakafanana. Zvimwe zvikamu "hazvina chinhu" uye zvimwe "zvakanyanya" nekuda kwesimba regiravhiti raJupiter. Chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa maburi eKirkwood, ayo ari maburi ari pakati pemapoka e asteroids ari kure neZuva. Maburi aya anobva mukutenderera kwe orbital: semuenzaniso, pane dzimwe nzvimbo, asteroids anotenderera Zuva nezvikamu zviri nyore kusvika panguva yaJupiter (senge 3:1, 5:2, nezvimwewo). Maburi aya anoita kuti maburi e asteroids asagadzikana kwenguva refu, zvichiita kuti abviswe munzvimbo idzodzo.
Pamusoro pezvo, kune mhuri dzemaasteroid, mapoka emaasteroids ane maparamita akafanana emuchadenga uye anofungidzirwa kuti akabva mumuviri wemubereki mumwe chete wakapatsanuka nekuda kwekurovera kukuru. Nekudzidza mhuri idzi, masayendisiti anogona kutsvaga nhoroondo yekurovera kwebhandi reasteroid uye kufungidzira makore ezviitiko zvekupatsanuka.
Vagari vakawanda: Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, uye Hygiea
Zvimwe zvinhu zviri mubhandi remaasteroid zvakakura uye zvinoonekwa pachena. Chinonyanya kuzivikanwa iCeres, iyo inotonzi dhirf planet. Ceres ine dhayamita inosvika 940 km uye inoratidza humbowo hwechando chemvura uye maitiro egeological anogona kuitika kare. Ceres inonakidza nekuti inovhara musiyano uripo pakati penyika dzine matombo nechando: haisi "yakaoma" semamwe maasteroids, asiwo haisi chando chose semasatellite ekunze epasi.
Kunze kweCeres, kune Vesta naPallas, maasteroid maviri makuru ave achionekwa kwenguva refu. Vesta inonyanya kukosha nekuti inoratidza musiyano wemukati—wakafanana nepasi diki—uye inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo tsime remamwe mameteorite anowanikwa paNyika. Basa reNASA reDawn rakatenderera Vesta naCeres, richigadzira nzvimbo dzavo uye richipa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pemaumbirwo nenhoroondo yavo.
Maumbirwo eAsteroid: akapfuma mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, akapfuma muruzivo
Haasi ese ma asteroids akafanana. Zvichienderana nechiedza chawo uye hunhu hwavo hwe reflective (albedo), ma asteroids anowanzo rongwa mumapoka makuru akati wandei:
1. Rudzi C (rune kabhoni): rwakazara nekabhoni, ruvara rwakasviba, uye rudzi rwakajairika mubhandi. Ruzhinji rwunofungidzirwa kuti rune zvinhu zvekare kubva mugadziriro yezuva yekare.
2. Rudzi S (silicaceous): rwakajeka, rwakapfuma mu silicate uye nickel-iron minerals.
3. Rudzi M (simbi): inodzorwa nesimbi, kunyanya simbi nenickel, zvinofungidzirwa kuti ndizvo zvasara zvepakati pechinhu chakasiyana-siyana ndokuzoparadzwa.
Kusiyana uku kwezvimiro kunoratidza kuti bhandi re asteroid i "museum" yenyika. Mamwe ma asteroids haana kuchinja zvachose kubvira pakutanga kwezuva, nepo mamwe akasangana nekupisa kwakanyanya, kusiyana, uye kuroverana.
Hukama huripo pakati pemeteorites nehupenyu panyika
Mamwe mameteorite anowira pasi anobva kubhandi reasteroid. Kuroverana mubhandi kunogona kugadzira zvidimbu zvidiki, izvo zvinozosundidzirwa nezviitiko zvegiravhiti nemwaranzi (zvakadai seYarkovsky effect), zvichichinja marongero azvo, uye dzimwe nzira dzinopinda dzinosangana nerondedzero yePasi. Nekudzidza mameteorite murabhoritari, masayendisiti anogona kudzidza kuumbwa kwemakemikari uye zera rezvinhu zvezuva pasina kugara achitumira mabasa kumaasteroids.
Uyezve, zvave zvichifungidzirwa kuti zvinhu zvinoshanduka zvakaita semvura nemamorekuru eorganic zvinogona kunge zvakaendeswa kuPasi diki kuburikidza nekukuvadzwa nemiti midiki, kusanganisira mamwe maasteroid ane mvura yakawanda. Kunyange zvazvo macomet akaitawo basa guru, maC-type asteroids anowanzotaurwa seanogona kutakura zvinhu zvakabatsira mukuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzinogarika.
Njodzi yeAsteroid: ine njodzi yakadii?
Bhandi re asteroid rinowanzobatanidzwa nekutyisidzirwa kwekurovera Pasi. Zvakakosha kusiyanisa: mazhinji ema asteroid anoramba ari mubhandi uye haaswedere Pasi. Zvinonyanya kushungurudza iNear-Earth Objects (NEOs), ma asteroids kana macomet ane nzira dzinotenderera dzinosvika kuNyika. Mamwe ma NEO anobva kubhandi re asteroid, mushure mekunge asundirwa kunze neJupiter resonance kana mamwe maitiro egiravhiti.
Kuedza kwemazuva ano kuongorora denga kwakawana maNEO akawanda uye kwakaongorora mikana yekukanganisa. Mashoko akanaka ndeekuti zvinhu zvikuru zvakawanda zvinogona kukonzera njodzi pasi rose zvakaonekwa uye zvakateverwa. Zvisinei, dambudziko riripo rekuona zvinhu zvakakura mamita makumi kusvika mazana - zvakakwana kukonzera kukuvara kwenzvimbo - kunyanya kana zvichibva kunzvimbo dzakaoma kuona, senge pedyo neZuva.
Saka, tsvakiridzo yekudzivirira mapuraneti iri kukura nekukurumidza, kusanganisira tekinoroji yekutsauka kwenzira sezvakaedzwa muDART mission (NASA), iyo yakachinja zvinobudirira kutenderera kweasteroid diki kuburikidza nekinetic impacts.
Bhandi remudenga uye ramangwana rekutsvaga
Kunze kwekukosha kwayo kusainzi nekuchengetedzeka, bhandi re asteroid rinobatsirawo mune ramangwana rekuongorora muchadenga nehupfumi. Mamwe ma asteroid ane simbi dzinokosha nezvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa, zvakaita sesimbi, nickel, uye pamwe mvura muchimiro chechando. Mvura inonyanya kukosha muchadenga nekuti inogona kupatsanurwa kuita hydrogen ne oxygen kuti ive mafuta eroketi kana kushandiswa kutsigira hupenyu.
Kunyange hazvo pfungwa yekuchera maasteroid ichiri kutarisana nematambudziko ehunyanzvi, emitengo, uye emutemo wepasi rose, kutsvagurudza nezvezviwanikwa zveasteroid kuri kuenderera mberi. Panguva imwe chete, mabasa akaita seOSIRIS-REx naHayabusa ari kudzosa masampuli easteroid kuPasi, zvichiunza nguva itsva ye "space geology" zvichibva pamasampuli chaiwo.
Penutup
Bhandi remaasteroid inzvimbo inokosha muhurongwa hwezuva ine zviratidzo zvezvakaitika kare: mapuraneti akaumbwa sei, kuti zvinhu zvakashanduka sei, uye kuti kuroverana kwakaumba sei nharaunda yatinoona nhasi. Pakati peMars neJupiter, mamiriyoni ezvitunha zvidiki zvinotenderera, zvasara zvemaitiro emuchadenga asina kumbopedza kuvaka pasi. Kubva kupuraneti diki Ceres, mhuri yemaasteroid akaberekerwa mukuroverana kwekare, kusvika kumameteorite akawira pasi ndokuva zvinhu zvekudzidza, bhandi remaasteroid rinobatanidza nhoroondo yehurongwa hwezuva nehupenyu hwemazuva ano pasi redu. Nekutsvaga kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera, bhandi remaasteroid harisi chinhu chekufungidzira chete, asiwo rabhoritari yechisikigo uye pamwe rimwe zuva chitubu chebudiriro yevanhu kunze kwePasi.
