Kutenderera Kwepasi Kwepasi Kusina Kuenzana
Patinofunga nezvemapuraneti anotenderera nyeredzi, mufananidzo unowanzouya mupfungwa ndewenzira dzakachena uye dzakagadzikana dzakatenderera. Muchokwadi, marongero mazhinji emapuraneti haana kutenderera zvakakwana. Anowanzova ma ellipses—senge denderedzwa "rakatambanudzwa" kune rimwe divi. Kuyera kwekuti ellipse "yakatenderera" sei kunonzi kushamisa kwerobhoti. Pfungwa iyi inoita seiri nyore, asi ine zvazvinoreva zvakadzama: inokanganisa kusiyana kwedaro repuraneti kubva kunyeredzi yayo, shanduko mukumhanya kwayo, uye kunyange mamiriro ekunze ayo anogona kugara uye kugara.
Chii chinonzi kusazivikanwa?
Kazhinji, eccentricity (e) inhamba inotsanangura chimiro cheorbit:
– e = 0 zvinoreva kuti kutenderera kwenzvimbo yacho idenderedzwa rakakwana.
– 0 < e < 1 zvinoreva kutenderera kwedenderedzwa (iyi ndiyo inonyanya kuwanikwa pamapuraneti). - e = 1 zvinoreva kutenderera kweparabolic (chinhu chinopfuura kamwe chete uye hachidzokeri; semuenzaniso, mamwe macomet). - e > 1 zvinoreva kutenderera kwehyperbolic (chinhu chinobva kure uye chobva chaenda nekusingaperi).
Kune mapuraneti ari mu solar system, kukosha kwe e kuri pakati pe 0 uye pasi pe 1, saka ese ane elliptical orbits. Zvisinei, mwero we "ellipticality" we ellipse unosiyana.
Ellipse, focus, perihelion, uye aphelion
Kutenderera kwedenderedzwa renyeredzi kune nzvimbo mbiri dzinonzi foci. Panyaya yepuraneti inotenderera Zuva, Zuva rinenge riri panzvimbo imwe chete, kwete pakati pedenderedzwa renyeredzi. Ndokusaka daro repuraneti kubva kuZuva richichinja mukati medenderedzwa rayo.
Nzvimbo mbiri dzakakosha muorbit ndeidzi:
- Perihelion: nzvimbo iri pedyo zvikuru neZuva pasi rose
- Aphelion: nzvimbo iri kure kupfuura dzimwe dzose pasi pano kubva kuZuva
Kana daro riri pakati peperihelion neaphelion richikura, musiyano uripo pakati peperihelion neaphelion unowedzerawo.
Kusawirirana kwetsika nemutemo waKepler
Kuenzana kwezvinhu hakumire kwega. Kunoenderana nemafambiro anoita mapuraneti zvichienderana neKepler's Laws, kunyanya mutemo wechipiri: mutsetse wekufungidzira unobatanidza pasi neZuva unobvisa nzvimbo dzakaenzana munguva dzakaenzana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kana pasi rava pedyo neperihelion, rinofamba nekukurumidza; kana rava pedyo neaphelion, rinofamba zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti nei "kumhanya kwemuchadenga" kusiri kuenderana nekufamba kwedenderedzwa redenderedzwa.
Munzira dzinenge dzakaita sedenderedzwa (low e), shanduko dzekumhanya uye daro hazvionekwe. Asi kune nzira dzisina kujairika (higher e), musiyano unogona kuva mukuru.
Mienzaniso yekusanzwisisika mu solar system
Mapuraneti ari mudenga rezuva ane hunhu hwakasiyana-siyana. Heino ongororo yakajairika (nhamba dzinogona kutenderedzwa):
– Venus: iri pedyo zvikuru nedenderedzwa (e ~ 0,007)
– Nyika: inenge yakatenderera (e ~ 0,017)
– Mars: denderedzwa rakapetwa kaviri (e ~ 0,093)
– Mercury: mapuraneti asina kujairika kupfuura mamwe ose (e ~ 0,206)
Nyika inowanzoonekwa seine "denderedzwa" rinotenderera, asi ichiri rakatenderera. Musiyano uripo pakati pePerihelion neAphelion kubva kuZuva ungangoita mamiriyoni mashoma emakiromita. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichinzwika zvakakosha, inongova chikamu chidiki chete cheavhareji yedaro, saka mhedzisiro yaro pasimba rese rezuva rinogamuchirwa neNyika idiki zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita sekutsveyama kweaxis yaro.
Kusawirirana uye mwaka paNyika
Pfungwa isiriyo inowanzoonekwa ndeyekuti mwaka inoitika nekuti Nyika iri pedyo neZuva muzhizha uye iri kure munguva yechando. Kutaura zvazviri, mwaka inonyanya kutsanangurwa nekutsveyama kwepasi (anenge 23,5°), kwete kushamisa kwaro.
Zvinofadza kuti, Pasi riri pedyo neperihelion pakutanga kwaNdira, apo Northern Hemisphere inosangana nechando. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti daro harisi iro chinhu chikuru chinosarudza mwaka. Zvisinei, kusanzwisisika kuchiri nemhedzisiro diki: simba rezuva rinosiyana zvishoma pakati pePasi pari paperihelion neaphelion. Mhedzisiro iyi inoonekwa sekuchinja kudiki mukugoverwa kwesimba rezuva rinogamuchirwa nePasi mugore rese.
Sei kusazivikanwa kuchigona kuchinja?
Kusawirirana kwepasi hakugari nguva dzose. Mumasystem ane mapuraneti akawanda, kudhonza kwesimba renyika pakati pemapuraneti kunoita kuti kutenderera kwepasi kuchinje zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakuyera kwenguva dzezviuru kusvika kumamiriyoni emakore, kusawirirana kwepasi kunosangana nekuchinja kuri chikamu cheMilankovitch cycles—kuchinja-chinja kwenguva nenguva mumatanho ekutenderera kwepasi uye ekutenderera kune chekuita nemamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu, kusanganisira nguva yechando.
Kuwedzera pakudyidzana pakati pemapuraneti, kuva pedyo nezvimwe zvinhu zvikuru, kutenderera kwemhepo, uye nhoroondo yekuumbwa kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti (semuenzaniso, kudonha kana kufamba kwemapuraneti) zvinogonawo kukanganisa kusawirirana.
Kusawirirana mumapuraneti ekunze: kubva pakudzikama kusvika pakunyanyisa
Vaongorori venyeredzi pavakatanga kuwana mapuraneti (mapuraneti ari kunze kwegadziriro yedu yezuva), vakaona kuti mazhinji acho aive nemaitiro akasiyana zvikuru kupfuura mapuraneti edu. Mamwe magasi makuru anotenderera pedyo nenyeredzi dzawo ("hot Jupiters") ane madenderedzwa anenge akatenderera nekuda kwemigumisiro yemvura inodzikamisa madenderedzwa awo, asi mamwe mapuraneti akawanda anoratidza madenderedzwa akaita denderedzwa.
Kusawirirana kwakanyanya kunowanzoratidza nhoroondo "yakaoma" inoshanduka, semuenzaniso:
- kudyidzana kwakasimba kwegiravhiti pakati pemapuraneti,
- kukanganiswa kunobva kunyeredzi dzinofambidzana muhurongwa hwenyeredzi mbiri,
- kana kudonha nekuburitswa kwemapuraneti panguva yekutanga kwekuumbwa kwehurongwa.
Kutenderera kwepasi rose kunoitawo kuti mamiriro ekunze epasi anyanye kuipa: kuchinja kwedaro renyeredzi kunokonzera shanduko huru mukupisa uye simba remwaranzi inogamuchirwa mukati mekufamba kwepasi.
Mhedzisiro yekusagadzikana kwekugara
Mukudzidza nezvekugarika kwemapuraneti, kusaenzana kwenzvimbo inodiwa. Kana puraneti iine kusaenzana kukuru, zvinogona kuva:
– inopedza chikamu chemutenderedzo wayo chiri pedyo zvakanyanya nenyeredzi (inopisa zvakanyanya),
- uye vamwe vakanyanyisa (kutonhora zvakanyanya).
Zvisinei, kugara kwepasi hakungoonekwi chete nedaro. Mhepo yakakora, makungwa, kana nzira dzekutenderera kwekupisa zvinogona kubatsira kudzikamisa tembiricha. Pane mamiriro ezvinhu apo mapuraneti ane hunhu husina kuenzana anogona kuramba aine nzvimbo inoshanda yekugara, kunyanya kana avhareji yesimba rinotorwa richitsigira mvura uye mhepo ichikwanisa kuparadzira kupisa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kusawirirana kukuru kunogona kukonzera kusiyana kwakanyanya kwemamiriro ekunze, kuwedzera kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze, kuchinja maitiro emwaka, uye kutokanganisa kusangana kwemvura nenyeredzi, izvo zvinogona kupisa mukati mepasi (kupisa kwemvura) kana kukurumidzisa kushanduka kwayo kwekutenderera.
Kuyera kusanzwisisika: vanoongorora nyeredzi vanoziva sei?
Munyika yezuva, kusanzwisisika kunotsanangurwa nemazvo nekutarisa nzvimbo dzemapuraneti nekufamba kwenguva. Kune mapuraneti ekunze, nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira:
- Kumhanya kwechiedza: inoyera "kuzununguka" kwenyeredzi nekuda kwekukweva kwepasi; chimiro chechiratidzo chinogona kuratidza kusagadzikana.
– Kufamba: kana puraneti ikapfuura pamberi penyeredzi, nguva uye chimiro chekufamba, pamwe nedzimwe data, zvinogona kupa zviratidzo nezve chimiro chekufamba kwendege.
– Kuchinja-chinja kwenguva: kuchinja kwenguva yekufamba (TTV) nekuda kwekudyidzana kwemapuraneti kunogona kubatsira kuratidza parameters dzemuchadenga kusanganisira eccentricity.
Kana tikaunganidza data rakawanda, kufungidzira kwedu kwekusanzwisisika kuri nani uye kunzwisisa kwedu mashandiro ehurongwa.
Penutup
Kusanzwisisika kwekufamba kwepasi ndiyo pfungwa huru yekunzwisisa kuti sei makomba asingagari akaita denderedzwa, nei daro repasi kubva kunyeredzi yaro richichinja, uye nei kumhanya kwepasi kusingachinji mukutenderera kwaro kwese. Muhurongwa hwezuva, kusanzwisisika kwemapuraneti kudiki, zvichiita kuti maitiro emuchadenga aite se "akadzikama." Zvisinei, mapuraneti mazhinji anoratidza makomba asingazivikanwe, zvichiratidza kuti kushanduka kwemapuraneti kunogona kuve kwakaoma uye kuzere nekudyidzana kunoshamisa.
Nekunzwisisa kusanzwisisika, hatingodzidzi chete maitiro ekufamba kwemhepo, asi tinoverengawo "nhoroondo" yegiravhiti inoumba hurongwa hwemapuraneti—uye tinoongorora kuti chimiro chekufamba kwemhepo chinogona kukanganisa sei mamiriro ekunze uye mikana yekuti nharaunda igare zvakanaka.
