Gore reOort uye Kwakatangira MaComets
Patinotarisa denga rehusiku, macomet anowanzoonekwa se“vaenzi” vanonakidza—vachipenya nemiswe mirefu, vachibuda murima, vozonyangarika zvakare kwemakumi, zviuru, kana kunyange mamiriyoni emakore. Asi mubvunzo mukuru ndewokuti: macomet anobva kupi? Imwe yemhinduro dzakakosha mukuongorora nyeredzi dzemazuva ano iOort Cloud, nzvimbo inofungidzirwa iri kunze kweSolar System inofungidzirwa kuva "nzvimbo yekuchengetera" macomet kwenguva refu. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kuti Oort Cloud chii, kuti yakaumbwa sei, uye nei zvichikosha kunzwisisa mavambo emacomet.
Chii chinonzi Oort Cloud?
Gore reOort muunganidzwa wezvinhu zvidiki zvine chando, guruva, nematombo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinotenderera Solar System zviri kure neZuva. Dunhu iri harina kumbobvira raonekwa zvakananga neteresikopu, asi kuvapo kwaro kunoonekwa kubva pamapatani edenderedzwa remakometi atinoona.
Kazhinji, Oort Cloud inofungidzirwa kuti yakaumbwa sebhora guru (kana kuti "envelopu" yakatenderera) yakakomberedza Solar System. Kureba kwayo kunoshamisa: kusvika kwayo mukati-kati kunogona kutanga pa2.000 astronomical units (AU) kubva kuZuva, nepo kukwirira kwayo kwekunze kunogona kusvika 50.000–100.000 AU. Kana tichienzanisa, 1 AU ndiyo avhareji yedaro kubva kuPasi kuenda kuZuva. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzvimbo dzekunze dzeOort Cloud dzinogona kunge dziri pedyo nesimba regiravhiti reZuva uye dzichibatana nenzvimbo iri pakati penyeredzi.
Sei ichinzi "Oort"?
Gore reOort rakatumidzwa zita remuongorori wenyeredzi wekuDutch Jan Oort, uyo muna 1950 akataura kuti makometi enguva refu anobva ku "dhamu" riri kure. Akaongorora kupararira kwemafambiro ekometi ndokuona kuti makometi mazhinji anouya achibva kwakasiyana-siyana mudenga, kwete kuganhurirwa kundege ye ecliptic (ndege inotenderera mapuraneti). Izvi zvaive zvakaoma kutsanangura kana aibva chete padiski yakati sandara. Saka, kwaidiwa nzvimbo "yakatenderera" - senge gore rakatenderera -.
Makometi: Vaenzi vanobva kumucheto kweSolar System
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kometi chinhu chidiki chinoumbwa nemusanganiswa wechando (mvura, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi, methane, ammonia), guruva, nezvinhu zvakasikwa. Kometi painoswedera pedyo neZuva, kupisa kunoita kuti chando chinyungudike, zvoita coma (goko regasi neguruva) nemuswe. Ichi chiitiko ndicho chinoita kuti kometi dzive dzinoshamisa.
Makometi anowanzo kamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru:
1. Makometi enguva pfupi, ane nguva yekutenderera isingasviki makore 200. Mazhinji acho anobva kuKuiper Belt kana nzvimbo yakapararira yediski iri kunze kweNeptune.
2. Makometi anogara kwenguva refu, ane nguva yekutenderera inodarika makore mazana maviri, uye anogona kusvika makumi ezviuru zvemakore. Boka iri rinonyanya kubatana neOort Cloud.
Makometi anogara kwenguva refu anowanzova nemafambiro edenderedzwa zvakanyanya uye anogona kubva kumativi ese, zvichiita sekuti "anowira" muSolar System yemukati. Maitiro aya anotsigira fungidziro yekuti kwaanobva igore rakatenderera rinotikomberedza kubva kure.
Gore reOort rinoumbwa sei?
Kuti tinzwisise Oort Cloud, tinofanira kudzokera kumazuva ekutanga eSolar System, makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 4,6 apfuura. Zuva nemapuraneti zvakaumbwa kubva padhisiki regasi neguruva rinonzi proto-solar nebula. Munzvimbo dzekunze, tembiricha dzaitonhora zvikuru, zvichiita kuti chando chiumbwe zviri nyore. Miviri midiki yakawanda, ine chando—inotungamira kumacomet—yakaumbwa munzvimbo yemapuraneti makuru (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, naNeptune).
Zvisinei, kutenderera kwezvinhu zvidiki izvi hakusi nguva dzose kwakasimba. Sezvo mapuraneti makuru achikura uye achifamba, simba rawo rinoita kuti ive "muchina wekukanda" unoshanda zvikuru. Zvinhu zvidiki zvakawanda zvinosundirwa mukati:
- nzira dzinotenderera dzinosangana neZuva kana mapuraneti,
- nzira dzinotenderera dziri munzvimbo dzekunze (semuenzaniso Kuiper Belt),
- kana kuti dzinotenderera kure kure, zvekuti dzinopedzisira "dzakamiswa" kunze kweSolar System.
Apa ndipo panotamba basa guru renzvimbo yemuchadenga. Zvinhu zvinorasirwa kure zvinokanganiswa nekukanganiswa kwenyeredzi dzinopfuura uye kudhonzwa kwemapoka enyeredzi. Kukanganiswa uku kunogona kushandura nzira dzadzo kubva pakufamba kwedenderedzwa mundege imwe chete kuenda kunzira dzakapararira zvisina tsarukano kumativi ese—zvichiumba chimiro chakaita sebhora: Oort Cloud.
Muchidimbu, Cloud reOort rinofungidzirwa kuti rakaumbwa nezvinhu zvine chando zvakatanga zviri pedyo nenzvimbo yemapuraneti makuru, ndokuzokandwa kunze negiravhiti yemapuraneti iwayo uye "rakagadzikana" kure kure nekukanganiswa kwenzvimbo yemuchadenga.
Chii Chinotuma Makometi Kubva kuGore reOort Pedyo Nezuva?
Kana Oort Cloud iri nzvimbo inochengeterwa macomet, sei "achibuda" opinda muSolar System yemukati? Mhinduro yacho iri mukusagadzikana kudiki asi kwakafanana kwesimba regiravhiti, kusanganisira:
1. Mafungu eGalactic: Solar System inotenderera pakati peMilky Way. Simba regiravhiti remuchadenga rinogona kudhonza zvinhu zviri muOort Cloud zvishoma chete, asi zvakakwana kuchinja mafungu azvo.
2. Nyeredzi dzinopfuura: Nguva nenguva, imwe nyeredzi inopfuura pedyo zvakakwana nenzira yemuchadenga. Kunyangwe ichiri kure, simba rayo rinokwevera pasi rinogona "kuzunungusa" Oort Cloud.
3. Makore makuru emamorekuru: Zvivako zvikuru zvegasi mumagalaksi zvinogonawo kukanganisa simba regiravhiti kana Solar System inopfuura pedyo.
Nekuda kwekukanganiswa uku, zvimwe zvinhu zvinosundirwa mumitsetse inoita kuti zviwire munzvimbo yemukati, zvichiva macomet enguva refu atinogona kuona. Zvakawanda zvinosundirwa kunze zvachose uye zvinova zvinhu zviri pakati penyeredzi.
Uchapupu Husina Kunanga Hwekuti Gore reOort Riripo Here
Nekuda kwedaro rayo guru uye hunhu hudiki hwezvinhu zvayo, Oort Cloud inonetsa kuona zvakananga. Zvisinei, pane zviratidzo zvakawanda zvinotsigira kuvapo kwayo:
- Kusvika kwemakometi kwenguva refu kwakanangana netsaona uye hakungogumiri mundege imwe chete.
– Kupararira kwesimba remakometi kunoratidza kuvapo kwehuwandu hwevanhu vari kure.
- Mamodheru ekuumbwa kweSolar System ane mapuraneti makuru anogadzira zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokandwa kure zvakanyanya.
Zvisinei, ruzivo ruchiri kukakavadzana: huremu hwese hweOort Cloud chii, magadzirirwo ayo emukati neekunze chii, uye kuti macomet anotumirwa kangani muSolar System yemukati.
Hukama hweOort Cloud neMavambo eMvura neHupenyu
Makometi anowanzoonekwa se "nguva capsules" kubva kuSolar System yekutanga. Zvinhu zvawo hazvina kuchinja zvakanyanya, zvichivabvumira kuchengetedza ruzivo rwemakemikari ekare. Zvakafungidzirwa kuti makometi angave akabatsira mune mamwe emvura nemorekuru dzepasi. Zvisinei, kuyerwa kwehydrogen isotopes (chiyero che deuterium nehydrogen) mune mamwe makometi kunoratidza kuti haasi makometi ese anoenderana nemvura yegungwa yepasi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mupiro wemakometi mumvura yepasi uchiri kukakavadzana, uye ma asteroids ane mvura angave akaitawo basa rakakosha. Kunyange zvakadaro, makometi—kusanganisira ayo anobva kuOort Cloud—achiri kukosha pakunzwisisa kupararira kwe volatiles ne organics muSolar System diki.
Remangwana reOort Cloud Research
Kufambira mberi mukuona matelesikopu ekudenga, akadai seVera C. Rubin Observatory (LSST), kuchavandudza kugona kwedu kuona macomet matsva uye kuronga nhamba dzawo dzemuchadenga. Macomet akawanda anowanikwa kwenguva refu, tinokwanisa kuyedza mamodheru eOort Cloud zviri nani: kuti yakakora sei, kuti maorbits ayo anopararira sei, uye kuti galactic perturbations uye stellar trajectories zvinotamba basa rakakura sei.
Mune ramangwana, zvinokwanisikawo kuwana zvinhu zvakanyanyisa zve trans-Neptunian zvine mafambiro anoratidza simba remukati meOort Cloud. Kunyangwe ichiri kure nekushanyirwa nendege, Oort Cloud ichiri imwe yemiganhu inonakidza zvikuru mukudzidza kweSolar System: nzvimbo inovhara musiyano uripo pakati penyika yemapuraneti nenzvimbo iri pakati penyeredzi.
Penutup
Gore reOort ipfungwa huru inotibatsira kutsanangura mavambo emakometi enguva refu—makometi anobva kumapuraneti ari kure zvikuru uye anotevera nzira dzisina kurongeka, dzakaita denderedzwa. Kunyangwe zvisati zvaonekwa zvakananga, humbowo hunobva kusimba remakometi emuchadenga uye mamodheru ekuumbwa kweSolar System zvinotsigira kuvapo kwayo sedura rechando chekare pamucheto wesimba reZuva. Kunzwisisa Gore reOort zvinoreva kunzwisisa nhoroondo yeSolar System, mashandiro egiravhiti akaiumba, uye mukana wemakometi wekubata zviratidzo zvemakemikari nezvemapuraneti ekutanga—kusanganisira Pasi.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemaitiro anonyanya kufarirwa nevadzidzi, kana maitiro edzidzo ane mareferensi uye masosi ekuverenga.
