Masatellite echisikigo emapuraneti muSolar System
Satellite yechisikigo muviri wekudenga unotenderera pasi kana pasi rakapfupi nekuda kwekukweva kwayo. Muhurongwa hwezuva, masatellite echisikigo anowanzonzi "mwedzi," kunyangwe izwi iri pakutanga raireva Mwedzi unotenderera Pasi. Kuvapo kwemasatellite echisikigo kunopfuura kungowedzera: anokanganisa kugadzikana kwekutenderera kwepasi, anogadzira mafungu emvura, anokonzera basa rejiyoroji, uye anoshanda semarabhoritari echisikigo ekunzwisisa kuumbwa kwehurongwa hwezuva. Kubva kumwedzi midiki, isina chimiro chakajairwa kusvika kumwedzi mikuru yakakura kupfuura Mercury, kusiyana kwemasatellite echisikigo kunoratidza hunhu hwenhoroondo yemuchadenga yakatipoteredza.
Kwakatangira masateraiti echisikigo: akaumbwa, akatorwa, kana kuti akabonderana
Masayendisiti anounganidza kuumbwa kwemasatellite echisikigo muzviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru. Chekutanga, anoumbwa nemapuraneti awo (kubatana) kubva padhisiki yezvinhu zvakatenderedza puraneti diki. Izvi zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakaitika nemasatellite akawanda emapuraneti makuru akadai saJupiter naSaturn, ane "mini-systems" dzakafanana nesystem diki dzezuva. Chechipiri, anobatwa negiravhiti, kana chinhu chinopfuura chichirasikirwa nesimba (semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwemuviri mitatu kana kudhonzwa kwegasi kwekutanga) uye chinobatwa sesatellite. Masatellite madiki mazhinji ane nzira dzakatenderedzwa kana dzakapesana negwara rekutenderera kwepuraneti anofungidzirwa kuti akatanga kubva mukuita uku. Chechitatu, anoumbwa semugumisiro wekukanganisa kukuru, senge fungidziro yakakurumbira yekwakabva Mwedzi wePasi: kurovera kwechinhu chakaenzana neMars nePasi diki zvakaburitsa zvinhu zvakazobatana kuti zviumbe Mwedzi.
Kusiyana-siyana kwemasetiraiti anotenderera—mamwe anenge akaita sedenderedzwa uye akafanana neequator yepasi, mamwe akaita sedenderedzwa, uye mamwe akatodzokera shure—kunoratidza zviratidzo zvemaitiro aya.
Mapuraneti epasi: masateraiti mashoma, asi ane simba guru
Mapuraneti ane matombo (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) anowanzova nemasatellite mashoma. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti madiki uye simba rawo regiravhiti harina simba rakawanda kupfuura mapuraneti makuru, zvichiita kuti zviome kuchengetedza kana "kuunganidza" masisitimu makuru esatellite.
Mercury: hapana masateliti echisikigo
Mercury haina masateraiti echisikigo. Kuva pedyo kwayo neZuva kunoita kuti ive nenzvimbo ine simba guruva uye mwaranzi. Uyezve, nzvimbo yakagadzikana yekutenderera kwemasateraiti (kwaasingakweverwi neZuva zviri nyore) yakaganhurirwa.
Venus: hapana masateliti, chakavanzika chekuchinja kwezvinhu
Venus hainawo masatellite echisikigo. Dzimwe dzidziso dzinoti Venus ingangodaro yakambova nemasatellite madiki ayo akazorasika nekuda kwekubatana kwemvura kana kurohwa. Kutenderera kweVenus zvishoma nezvishoma, kudzoreredza mafambiro epasi kwagara kuchikonzera hurukuro pamusoro pekuti zvakaitika kare zvaive chiitiko chikuru chekukanganisa here.
Pasi: Mwedzi sechinosimudzira simba uye chinosimudzira mafungu
Nyika ine satellite imwe chete yechisikigo yakakura zvikuru kana tichienzanisa nehukuru hwayo: Mwedzi. Mwedzi unopesvedzera Nyika nenzira dzakawanda, kunyanya mafungu egungwa uye kugadzikana kwe axis yayo yekutenderera. Kugadzikana uku kunofungidzirwa kuti kunobatsira kuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze ePasi akarongeka zvakanyanya pamusoro penguva dze geologic. Pamusoro peMwedzi pane chinyorwa chehurongwa hwezuva hwepakutanga nekuti hauna mhepo uye tectonic activity yakasimba sePasi; maburi ayo anoshanda sedura rezvakamboitika.
Mars: Phobos naDeimos, mwedzi midiki ingangodaro yakatorwa
Mars ine mwedzi miviri midiki: Phobos naDeimos. Dzese dzine chimiro chisina kurongeka, dzakasviba, uye diki zvikuru pane Mwedzi. Masayendisiti mazhinji anofungidzira kuti inyeredzi dzakabatwa, kunyange zvazvo zvichifungidzirwawo kuti dzakaumbwa kubva mumarara kubva pakurovera kukuru kweMars. Phobos inotenderera pedyo uye iri kudzika zvishoma nezvishoma ichienda kuMars; inotarisirwa kuti pakupedzisira iparare kuita denderedzwa kana kuwira pamusoro peMars.
Mapuraneti makuru egasi: umambo hwakaoma hwemasatellite
Mapuraneti makuru egasi (Jupiter neSaturn) ane masateliti akawanda nekuda kwehukuru hwawo, madhisiki akakura ekuumbwa, uye kugona kwakasimba kwekukwevera zvinhu pasi.
Jupiter: Mwedzi yeGalilean uye mukana wekuti nyika dzegungwa dzivepo
Jupiter inozivikanwa nemasateliti ayo mana makuru akawanikwa naGalileo Galilei muna 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede, naCallisto (anonzi masateliti eGalilean). Ese mana anoratidza kusiyana kukuru:
– Io ndiyo muviri unonyanya kushanda nekuputika kwegomo muzuva, uchipiswa nemasimba emvura anobva pakudhonzwa kwaJupiter uye kurira kwemhepo inotenderera neEuropa naGanymede.
– Europa ine nzvimbo ine chando chakatsetseka, ine zviratidzo zvakasimba zvegungwa remvura pasi pechando—chinhu chikuru chinotarisa hupenyu hwetupukanana.
– Ganymede ndiyo satellite hombe pane dzose dziri mu solar system, yakakura kupfuura Mercury, uye ine simba rayo remagineti.
- Callisto ine makomba akawandisa uye "yakanyarara," ichinyora nhoroondo refu yekurova kwemvura.
Kuwedzera kumasatellite makuru, Jupiter ine masatellite madiki akawanda, mazhinji acho anotenderera kumashure uye anofungidzirwa kuti akatorwa kana kuti akapatsanurwa mitumbi yezvinhu zvikuru.
Saturn: Titan, Enceladus, nenyika dzemhete
Saturn inozivikanwa zvikuru nehurongwa hwayo hwerin'i, asi mwedzi wayo unonakidzawo zvakafanana. Titan ndiyo mwedzi mukuru weSaturn uye ndiyo yega ine mhepo yakakora. Titan ine madhamu nemvura yemethane/ethane, zvichiita kuti ive yakafanana neyema chemical processes asati ashandiswa kuuraya utachiona pasinei nekupisa kwayo kunotonhora.
Imwe mwedzi inozivikanwa zvikuru iEnceladus, iyo inoburitsa mageyser echando nemweya wemvura kubva mumitswe iri pamucheto wayo wekumaodzanyemba. Mapundu aya anoratidza gungwa riri pasi pevhu rinogona kunge rine mamiriro ezvinhu anogarika. Zvidimbu zvakawanda zvinobva kumageyser eEnceladus zvinobatsira mumhete dzeSaturn, zvichiratidza hukama hwepedyo huripo pakati pemwedzi nechimiro chemhete.
Mapuraneti makuru echando: masatellite akasiyana uye zviratidzo zvekuchinja kukuru
Uranus neNeptune zvinowanzonzi magiant echando nekuti maumbirwo azvo akapfuma mu "ices" dzakadai semvura, ammonia, uye methane pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Mwedzi yazvo inopa zviratidzo nezvenhoroondo yazvo yekuroverana uye kubatwa.
Uranus: sisitimu yesatellite ine simba risinganzwisisike
Uranus ine denderedzwa rakakombama zvikuru—inoita sekuti iri "kutenderera" ichitenderera Zuva. Izvi zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakakonzerwa nekukanganisa kukuru kwayakaita kare. Mwedzi mikuru yeUranus, Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, naMiranda, inoratidza dzimwe nzvimbo dzakatyoka uye zviratidzo zvekushanda kwayo kwekare. Miranda inozivikanwa nepamusoro payo "pakasanganiswa" zvakanyanya, zvichiratidza kuti yakambosangana nemaitiro akaomarara e geology.
Neptune: Triton, satellite inodzokera shure inofungidzirwa kuti yakatorwa
Mwedzi unonyanya kukosha waNeptune ndiTriton, uyo unotenderera kumashure. Izvi zvinoratidza zvakasimba kuti Triton chinhu chakabatwa, pamwe chinobva kuKuiper Belt. Triton ine mageyser enitrogen uye nzvimbo ine chando. Kutorwa kwaTriton kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakakanganisa sisitimu yekare yeNeptune, zvichida kuparadza kana kudzinga mwedzi yekare.
Sei masateliti echisikigo akakosha kusainzi?
Kudzidza nezvemaseteraiti echisikigo kunopindura mibvunzo yakawanda inokosha: kuti mapuraneti anoumbwa sei, kuti kemikari inoshanduka sei, uye kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kugara angamuka kupi. Maseteraiti akadai seEuropa neEnceladus anonyanya kufarirwa nekuda kwekugona kwawo kuwana mvura yemvura uye simba remukati. Mwedzi wePasi unobatsira kunzwisisa nhoroondo yekutanga yekuumbwa kwemapuraneti epanyika. Panguva iyi, maseteraiti madiki, asina kurongeka anopa zviratidzo zvekufamba kwemapuraneti uye kubata maitiro muhurongwa hwekutanga hwezuva.
Masatellite anoshandawo se "vatongi" vekuchinja kwezvinhu. Masimba eTidal anogona kupisa mukati memasatellite, kuwedzera basa re geological, uye kutokanganisa mhepo. Kudyidzana kwemasatellite nemarings—senge "shepherd moons" anochengetedza mipendero yemarings—zvinoratidza kuti simba rinokwevera pasi, kuputikana kudiki, uye kutenderera kwemhepo kunoshanda pamwe chete kuumba maumbirwo atinoona.
Penutup
Masatellite echisikigo emapuraneti ari musystem yedu yezuva inyika diki dzine hunhu hunoshamisa. Mamwe akafa uye akapwanyika seCallisto, mamwe akaparadzwa nemakomo anoputika seIo, mamwe ane makungwa akavanzika seEuropa neEnceladus, uye mamwe ane mhepo yakakora seTitan. Kunzwisisa masatellite echisikigo zvinoreva kunzwisisa nhoroondo yekuumbwa kwepuraneti, simba regiravhiti, uye mikana yekuti nharaunda inotsigira hupenyu ibude. Mumakumi emakore anotevera, mabasa emuchadenga akananga kumwedzi ine chando uye masisitimu emasatellite emapuraneti makuru angangove chinhu chakakosha pakupindura mibvunzo mikuru: Nyika yakasiyana sei, uye hupenyu hunogoneka kune dzimwe nzvimbo musystem yezuva here?
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera tafura pfupi yemwedzi mikuru yepuraneti yega yega kana kugadzira shanduro yechinyorwa chinotarisa zvakanyanya pa "mwedzi inogona kugarwa" senge Europa, Enceladus, uye Titan.
