Mapuraneti madiki mukuongorora nyeredzi kwemazuva ano
Izwi rekuti dwarf planet rinonzwika zviri nyore—sekunge rinoreva “pasi diki.” Asi mukuongorora nyeredzi kwemazuva ano, dwarf planet iboka resainzi rine tsananguro yakatangira mukukakavadzana kwenguva refu, kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwekuongorora, uye shanduko munzira iyo vanhu vanogadzira mapu eSolar System. Kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, mapuraneti madiki ave imwe yepfungwa dzinonakidza zvikuru nekuti aripo munzvimbo iyoyo "iri pakati": kwete pasi guru sePasi, asiwo kwete dombo diki semamwe maasteroid. Kuvapo kwawo kunobatsira masayendisiti kunzwisisa nhoroondo yekuumbwa kweSolar System, kufamba kwemapuraneti makuru, uye kuumbwa kwemitumbi ine chando kunze kwesystem yedu.
Kubva ku "puraneti" kuenda ku "puraneti diki": shanduko mutsananguro
Kwemazana emakore, tsananguro yepuraneti yakachinja pamwe chete neruzivo rwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, Pluto yaimboonekwa sepuraneti yechipfumbamwe kubvira payakawanikwa muna 1930. Zvisinei, muma1990 nekutanga kwema2000, materesikopu ane simba uye ongororo dzemudenga dzakanyatsorongeka zvakatanga kuwana zvinhu zvakawanda zvakaita sePluto muKuiper Belt—nzvimbo iri kunze kweNeptune ine mitumbi ine chando. Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvakaita seQuaoar, Sedna, uye kunyanya Eris (ine huremu hwakafanana kana hwakatokura zvishoma pane hwaPluto) kwakamutsa mubvunzo mukuru: kana Pluto iri puraneti, zvinhu zvese zvakafanana zvinofanirawo kunzi mapuraneti here?
Muna 2006, International Astronomical Union (IAU) yakagadzira tsananguro yepamutemo yepuraneti. Zvichienderana netsanangudzo iyi, puraneti inofanira: (1) kutenderera Zuva, (2) kuva nehuremu hwakakwana kuti irambe yakaita sedenderedzwa (hydrostatic equilibrium), uye (3) "kubvisa zvinhu zvakafanana munzvimbo yayo inotenderera". Pluto inosangana nezvinodiwa zviviri zvekutanga, asi haisviki pane zvinodiwa zvechitatu nekuti nzvimbo yayo inotenderera yakazara nezvinhu zveKuiper Belt uye inokanganiswa negiravhiti yeNeptune. Saka, Pluto yakazoiswa muchikamu chitsva sepuraneti diki.
Chii chinonzi dwarf planet?
Sekureva kweIAU, puraneti diki imhando yemudenga ine:
1. Kutenderera Zuva.
2. Ine chimiro chakaita sedenderedzwa nekuda kwesimba rayo rekukwevera pasi.
3. Haina "kunyatsobvisa" nharaunda yayo yekutenderera.
4. Kwete satellite (kwete mwedzi weimwe puraneti).
Pfungwa ye "kubvisa nharaunda inotenderera" ndiyo musiyano mukuru. Mapuraneti makuru akadai sePasi kana Jupiter anotonga nzira dzawo dzekutenderera: anobvisa, anotora, kana kuparadzira zvimwe zvinhu, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yakapoteredza ive "yakajeka." Kune rumwe rutivi, mapuraneti madiki anogovana nzvimbo yawo nedzimwe nzvimbo diki dzakawanda. Izvi hazvisi nyaya yehukuru chete, asi kutonga kwesimba remuchadenga.
Mienzaniso yemapuraneti madiki anozivikanwa
Kusvika pari zvino, IAU inoziva mapuraneti makuru akati wandei, kunyange hazvo runyorwa rwevanhu vanoda kukwira ruchiri kukura nekuwana zvinhu zvitsva.
1.Pluto
Pluto ichiri nyika ine mukurumbira we dwarf. Iri muKuiper Belt uye ine elliptical orbit yakatsveyama kana tichienzanisa ne orbital plane yemamwe mapuraneti. Pluto inewo system yesatellite yakaoma, kusanganisira Charon, iyo yakakura kupfuura Pluto—zvikuru zvekuti inowanzoonekwa se "double planet system". New Horizons mission (2015) yakaratidza nzvimbo yePluto inoshanda mu geology, ine nitrogen plains yakaomeswa nechando uye zviratidzo zvemaitiro akafanana ne "glaciation" yenyika ine chando.
2.Ceres
Ceres ipuraneti diki riri mubhandi remaasteroid riri pakati peMars neJupiter. Rakasiyana nekuti riri pedyo zvikuru kupfuura mamwe mapuraneti mazhinji madiki ari kunze kweNeptune. Basa reNASA reDawn rakawana humbowo hwekuti munyu, chando, uye zvinogona kuitika kuti kuputika kwemakomo (rudzi rwe "chando chinoputika") munguva yakapfuura. Ceres inopa zviratidzo zvakakosha zvekuti bhandi remaasteroid harisi rematombo akaoma chete, asiwo rine mvura nezvinhu zvinoputika.
3.Eris
Eris iri kure neNeptune uye yaive chinhu chakakosha mukutsanangurwa kutsva kwepuraneti. Yakada kufanana nePluto muhukuru, asi kutenderera kwayo kuri kure uye kwakasiyana. Eris ine mwedzi unonzi Dysnomia. Nekuda kwedaro rayo guru, ruzivo rwakadzama nezvepamusoro payo haruna kukwana, asi inofungidzirwa kuti ine ice rakapfuma senge methane nenitrogen.
4. Haume
Haumea inozivikanwa nechimiro chayo chakareba, chinofungidzirwa kuti chakakonzerwa nekutenderera kwayo nekukurumidza. Inewo mhete dzakatetepa uye mwedzi yakati wandei. Haumea inoratidza kuti mapuraneti madiki anogona kuva nehunhu hwemuviri husina "kutenderera zvakakwana," asi achiri kugutsa zvinodiwa zve hydrostatic equilibrium mukati memimwe miganhu.
5. Kugadzira
Makemake inowanikwawo muKuiper Belt. Chinhu ichi chinonakidza nekuti pamusoro payo pakajeka zvikuru, zvichiratidza kuti ine chando chakawanda. Makemake ine kanenge satellite imwe chete yakaonekwa, zvichibatsira masayendisiti kufungidzira huremu hwayo.
Sei mapuraneti madiki achikosha mukuongorora nyeredzi kwemazuva ano?
Mapuraneti madiki anowanzoonekwa se "zvasara" kubva pakuumbwa kwemapuraneti - matombo ekuvaka asina kumbobvira ava mapuraneti akazara. Asi ndicho chikonzero chaicho chinoita kuti ave anokosha kudaro. Mapuraneti mazhinji madiki anogara munzvimbo dzinotonhora, "dzinochengetedza", zvichibvumira zvinhu zvawo kuchengetedza ruzivo rwemakemikari nerwemuviri kubva kuSolar System yekutanga.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvidzidzo zvemapuraneti madiki zvinobatsira kuyedza mamodheru ekufamba kwemapuraneti makuru. Dzidziso yemazuva ano inoratidza kuti Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, naNeptune vangangodaro vakachinja nzvimbo muchadenga chepakutanga, zvichigadzira Asteroid Belt neKuiper Belt. Kupararira kwemapuraneti madiki—zvido, manzwi, uye zvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki—kunogona kupa "chitsiko" chechiitiko ichi chekutama.
Mapuraneti madiki anorambawo pfungwa yekuti mitumbi midiki inogara "yakafa" maererano ne geology. Pluto naCeres zvinoratidza zviratidzo zvekushanda, kungave nekuda kwekupisa kwemukati, kudyidzana kwemvura, kana makemikari akaomarara echando. Nemamwe mashoko, mapuraneti madiki imarabhoritari echisikigo ekudzidza geology yenyika dzine chando uye mukana wenzvimbo dzinotsigira zvinhu zvipenyu.
Mapuraneti madiki uye kukura kwetekinoroji
Kufambira mberi mukuongorora nyeredzi kwemazuva ano—kubva kumakamera eCCD ane hunyanzvi kusvika kuongororo dzinoitwa otomatiki kusvika kumatelesikopu emuchadenga—kuri kuita kuti kuwanikwa kwemapuraneti madiki kuve nyore. Ongororo dzakadai sePan-STARRS uye mapurojekiti ekutsvaga zvinhu zve trans-Neptunian ari kubatsira kuwana vanhu vatsva vari kunze kweSolar System.
Tichitarisa mberi, Vera C. Rubin Observatory (neLegacy Survey yayo yeSpace and Time/LSST) inotarisirwa kuchinja kutsvaga kwezvinhu zvidiki zviri kure. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakawanda dzinofanotaura kuti huwandu hwemapuraneti madiki anogona kukura zvakanyanya, kunyanya munzvimbo dzeKuiper Belt nenzvimbo dzakapararira dzediski. Izvi zvinovhurawo mukana wekuti pave ne "Planet Nine" inofungidzirwa - kwete puraneti diki, asi puraneti hombe isati yawanikwa - ine kuvapo kwakafungidzirwa kubva pamapatani emuchadenga ezvinhu zviri kure. Kana dzidziso iyi yakarurama, puraneti diki ine kutenderera kwakanyanya ingave chinhu chakakosha pakuratidza chokwadi.
Nhaurirano uye remangwana rekupatsanura
Kunyange hazvo tsananguro yeIAU ichibatsira kugadzirisa kupatsanurwa kwezvikamu, gakava iri harina kugadziriswa zvachose. Vamwe masayendisiti vanoti tsananguro ye "kubvisa orbit" inoenderana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo (semuenzaniso, muKuiper Belt, zvingave zvakaoma "kubvisa orbit" nekuda kwekuwanda kwezvinhu). Kunewo gakava pamusoro pekuti tsananguro yepuraneti inofanira kungoshanda chete pazvinhu zvinotenderera Zuva, tichifunga kuti zviuru zvemapuraneti akawanikwa achitenderera dzimwe nyeredzi.
Pasinei nekukurukurirana kwemashoko aya, mapuraneti madiki ave chikamu chakasimbiswa uye chinobudirira. Anobatanidza kudzidza kwemapuraneti, maasteroid, makometi, uye zvinhu zve trans-Neptunian muchimiro chimwe chete chekunzwisisa kushanduka kweSolar System.
Penutup
Mapuraneti madiki mukuongorora nyeredzi dzemazuva ano haasi kungova "madiki akadonha." Iwo matura enhoroondo yemuchadenga, nyika dzakasiyana dzine mhete, mwedzi, mhepo dzakatetepa, uye zviitiko zvinogona kuitika zve geological. Kubva kuCeres muAsteroid Belt kusvika kuPluto naEris pamucheto weSolar System, mapuraneti madiki anowedzera maonero atinoita nezve "pasi" uye anosimbisa kuti Solar System yakasiyana-siyana kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa muzana remakore rechi20. Nezvizvarwa zvitsva zvematelesikopu uye mabasa emuchadenga emangwana, mapuraneti madiki acharamba ari munzvimbo inotariswa—zvichibatsira kupindura mibvunzo mikuru nezvekwakabva, mafambiro, uye kusiyana kwenyika dzakatenderedza Zuva.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera chikamu chidiki chinoti "rondedzero yemapuraneti madiki nehunhu hwawo" patafura, kana kunyora chinyorwa chinozivikanwa zvikuru chevadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari.
