Haumea uye Makemake muAstronomy
Pakati penzvimbo yakakura yeSolar System, kune nyika diki dzinofamba-famba kure kupfuura nzira yeNeptune. Nyika idzi hadzizivikanwe zvakanyanya semapuraneti makuru akadai saJupiter kana Saturn, asi dzine zviratidzo zvakakosha nezvenhoroondo yekutanga yekuumbwa kweSolar System. Mbiri dzadzo ndiHaumea neMakemake, ayo akarongwa semapuraneti madiki. Pasinei nehukuru hwawo hudiki, ese ari maviri ave zvinhu zvekudzidza mukuongorora nyeredzi dzemazuva ano nekuda kwehunhu hwawo hwakasiyana, nzira dzawo dzakanyanya kutenderera, uye basa rawo mukunzwisisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvekudenga munzvimbo yeKuiper Belt.
Mapuraneti madiki uye mamiriro eKuiper Belt
Izwi rekuti dwarf planet rakazozivikanwa mushure mechisarudzo chakaitwa neInternational Astronomical Union (IAU) muna 2006, icho chakachinjawo chinzvimbo chaPluto muna 2006. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, dwarf planet imhando yekudenga inotenderera Zuva, yakakura zvakakwana kuti ive yakaita sedenderedzwa (mu hydrostatic equilibrium), asi isinga "bvise" zvimwe zvinhu munharaunda yayo inotenderera. Haumea neMakemake zviri muKuiper Belt, nzvimbo ine zviuru zvezvinhu zvine chando nematombo zvakasara kubva pakuumbwa kweSolar System makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 4,6 apfuura.
Bhandi reKuiper rinoshanda se "nzvimbo yekuchengetedza zvinhu zvepasi rose." Nekuti riri kure neZuva, zvinhu zviripo hazvina kuchinja zvakanyanya kana tichienzanisa nezvinhu zviri pedyo neZuva. Kunzwisisa Haumea neMakemake zvinoreva kutevera nhoroondo yekuumbwa kwemapuraneti, kufamba kwemapuraneti makuru, uye kurongeka kwekubatana kwakaumba chimiro cheSolar System yekunze.
Haumea: nyika diki ine chimiro chakasiyana
Haumea ndeimwe yemapuraneti madiki asingawanzozivikanwa. Yakawanikwa mukutanga kwema2000 (nekuziviswa kwekuwanikwa kwacho kwakakonzera gakava munharaunda yezvemuchadenga), uye yakazotumidzwa zita rekuti Haumea, zvichibva pamwarikadzi wekubereka nekubereka weHawaii. Zita iri rakasarudzwa nekuda kwekuwanda kweHaumea—inozivikanwa kuti ine masateliti uye mhuri yezvidimbu zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakabva muzviitiko zvekuputika.
Chinhu chinonyanya kushamisa nezveHaumea chimiro chayo. Kusiyana nemapuraneti mazhinji madiki, anowanzoita denderedzwa, Haumea yakaumbwa sebhora rerugby kana ellipsoid yakareba. Chimiro ichi chakanyanya kukonzerwa nekutenderera kwayo nekukurumidza. Haumea inotenderera nekukurumidza kupfuura mamwe mapuraneti madiki, zvichiita kuti simba re centrifugal riite kuti "ibude" mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye irebe mune dzimwe. Mukuongorora nyeredzi, chiitiko ichi chinoshanda semuenzaniso wekuti kutenderera kunogona kukanganisa sei kuenzana kwechimiro chemuviri wekudenga.
Pamusoro pechimiro chayo, Haumea inozivikanwawo kuva nemhete—chinhu chinowanzobatanidzwa nemapuraneti makuru akaita seSaturn. Kuwanikwa kwemhete paHaumea kwakashamisa nekuti zvinoratidza kuti masisitimu emhete haasi emapuraneti makuru chete. Mhete idzi dzinogona kunge dzakaumbwa nezvinhu zvinoburitswa nekubonderana kana dynamical activity yakatenderedza Haumea, kunyange hazvo mashandiro chaiwo achiri kuda kuzivikanwa.
Masatellite ne "mhuri yeHaumea"
Haumea ine mwedzi miviri inozivikanwa, Hiʻiaka naNamaka. Kuvapo kwemwedzi iyi kunobvumira vaongorori venyeredzi kuverenga huremu hweHaumea uye kufungidzira chimiro chayo. Zvichienderana nehuremu nehukuru, Haumea inofungidzirwa kuti ine dombo rakakura zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinhu zveKuiper Belt, asi pamusoro payo panoita sepakanyanya kuumbwa nechando chemvura.
Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza zvikuru ndechekuti pane boka rezvinhu zviri muKuiper Belt zvine marongero azvo uye hunhu hwemaspectral hwakafanana nehweHaumea. Boka iri rinowanzonzi "mhuri yeHaumea," zvakafanana nepfungwa yemhuri dzemaasteroid muAsteroid Belt. Fungidziro huru ndeyekuti mhuri iyi yakaumbwa nekuda kwekukanganisa kukuru munguva yakapfuura, kwakapwanya chikamu chekunze kweHaumea ndokutumira zvidimbu murondedzero dzakafanana. Kana zviri zvechokwadi, izvi zvaizopa humbowo hwekuti kukanganiswa kukuru kunewo basa guru muSolar System yekunze, kwete mubhandi remaasteroid riri pedyo neMars neJupiter chete.
Makemake: nyika inotonhora ine hunhu hwakasiyana
Makemake yakawanikwa muna 2005 uye yakatumidzwa zita ramwari wemusiki mutsika yeRapa Nui (Easter Island). Inozivikanwa nekuve chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakawanikwa muKuiper Belt, zvichibva paPluto naEris. Kunyange zvazvo Haumea ichizivikanwa nechimiro chayo uye kutenderera kwayo, Makemake inoratidzika nekupenya kwayo uye kuumbwa kwayo kunonakidza pamusoro.
Pamusoro peMakemake panoratidza zviratidzo zvemethane yakaomeswa nechando nedzimwe chando. Methane iyi pamusoro peMakemake inoita kuti Makemake iratidzike zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti iite seyakajeka kupfuura zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana. Kune vanoongorora nyeredzi, chimiro ichi chakakosha nekuti chinoratidza maitiro emakemikari anoitika patembiricha yakaderera zvikuru. Kubatana kwemwaranzi yezuva (kunyange isina simba padaro reKuiper Belt) uye zvidimbu zvine simba rakawanda kubva muchadenga chepakati penyeredzi zvinogona kushandura chando kuita zvinhu zvakaoma zve organic, zvichigadzira zvidimbu zvakasviba zvinowanzonzi tholins pamusoro pezvinhu zvine chando.
Makemake yaivewo chakavanzika nekuti yakanga yagara isingazivikanwe kuti ine masatellite. Zvisinei, satellite diki (inowanzo danwa kuti MK2 mumabhuku ekutanga) yakawanikwa. Kuvapo kwesatellite iyi kwakabatsira kunatsiridza kufungidzira kwehukuru uye huwandu hweMakemake, izvo zvakazojekesa mufananidzo wemukati mayo: musanganiswa wechando nedombo muhuwandu hwakatarwa.
Mhepo: sei yakasiyana?
Imwe yemibvunzo inonakidza pamusoro pemapuraneti madiki ari muKuiper Belt ndeyekuti ane mhepo here. Pluto ine mhepo ine nitrogen yakatetepa asi yakasiyana, nepo Makemake isingaratidzike kunge ine mhepo yakakora yepasi rose, kwete sePluto. Chimwe chikonzero musiyano uripo pakati pehukuru, tembiricha yepamusoro, uye kugona kwegiravhiti kubata magasi. Uyezve, mhepo dziri kure dzinowanzo kuve nemwaka: sezvo chinhu chinoswedera kuZuva parwendo rwayo rwedenderedzwa, chando chinogona kuita gasi, zvichigadzira mhepo yenguva pfupi; sezvachinofamba, gasi rinoita chando zvakare pamusoro.
Haumea, ine pamusoro payo pemvura sechando uye hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana, haizivikanwewo kuti ine mhepo yakakosha. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti "mhuri" dzepasi diki hadzisi nguva dzose dzakafanana; imwe neimwe ine nhoroondo yekupisa kwakasiyana, migumisiro, uye kushanduka kwepamusoro.
Basa reHaumea neMakemake musainzi yemazuva ano yemapuraneti
Kudzidza Haumea neMakemake kunobatsira vanoongorora nyeredzi kupindura mibvunzo inokosha:
1. Mapuraneti anoumbwa sei?
Zvinhu zveKuiper Belt zvisaririra zvezvinhu zvakaumba mapuraneti. Kuumbwa kwazvo kunobatsira pakuvakazve mamiriro eSolar System yekutanga.
2. Kuroverana kukuru kunoitika kangani muSolar System yekunze?
Mhuri yenyeredzi dzaHaumea inoratidza simba guru rinogona kukanganisa, kutenderera, uye kugadzira zvidimbu.
3. Pamusoro pechinhu chine chando chinoshanduka sei?
Methane nezvinhu zvakaomarara paMakemake, pamwe chete nechando chemvura chinogara chiripo paHaumea, zvinopa zviratidzo nezvekugadziriswa kwemwaranzi uye shanduko dzemakemikari kwenguva refu.
4. Kufamba kwemapuraneti makuru kunokanganiswa sei nekufamba kwemapuraneti makuru?
Mafambiro ezvinhu zveKuiper Belt anoratidza nhoroondo yekufamba kweNeptune uye kudyidzana kwenguva refu kwegiravhiti.
Matambudziko ekucherechedza uye ramangwana rekutsvaga
Nekuda kwedaro radzo refu, Haumea neMakemake zvakaoma kudzidza zvakadzama. Ruzivo rwakawanda runobva kumatelesikopu makuru ari panyika, kuongororwa kweinfrared, uye nzira dzakadai senyeredzi dzinoonekwa senyeredzi—kana chinhu chikapfuura pamberi penyeredzi chovhara chiedza chayo kwenguva pfupi. Maitiro ekuongorora nyeredzi akabatsira kuyera saizi, chimiro, uye kunyange kuona mhete dzeHaumea.
Tichitarisa mberi, zvizvarwa zvitsva zvemateresikopu uye mafambiro emuchadenga anogona kuenderera mberi neKuiper Belt zvinogona kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu. Kana shiri inobhururuka seNew Horizons ikamboshanyira chinhu chakaenzana neMakemake kana Haumea, ruzivo rwepamusoro pacho, geology, uye chimiro chemukati zvinogona kuratidzwa zvakajeka.
Penutup
Haumea neMakemake mienzaniso ine simba yekuti Solar System haisi mapuraneti masere chete. Munzvimbo ine rima, inotonhora, mapuraneti aya madiki anopupura chinyararire nezvematanho ekutanga ekuumbwa kweSolar System. Haumea inobata nechimiro chayo chisingawanzoitiki, kutenderera kwayo nekukurumidza, mhete, uye mhuri yezvidimbu. Makemake inonakidza nekupenya kwayo uye chimiro chayo chechando chemethane chakasiyana. Zvese zviri kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwenyeredzi nezvesimba, kemesitiri, uye nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwezvipenyu zvidiki muSolar System yekunze—nzvimbo ine mhinduro dzakawanda nezvekwakabva nyika yedu.
