Kudyidzana kweTidal kwePasi neMwedzi
Mafungu emvura ndeimwe yezviitiko zvechisikigo zviri nyore kuona munzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe: mwero wegungwa unokwira kwemaawa mashoma, wozodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kutenderera kwacho kunodzokorora zuva nezuva. Seri kwemutinhimira uyu unoita seuri nyore pane kudyidzana kwakaoma pakati pePasi neMwedzi (pamwe chete nekubatsira kwezuva) uko kunoumba mafambiro egungwa, kuchipesvedzera nharaunda dzemahombekombe, mabasa ekufambisa ngarava, uye kunyange dhizaini yezvivakwa zvemahombekombe. Kunzwisisa kudyidzana kwepasi neMwedzi hakusi nyaya yekuda kuziva kwesainzi chete asiwo nyaya yekuchengetedzeka, hupfumi, uye kunetseka nezvezvakatipoteredza.
Simba regiravhiti uye mavambo emafungu emvura
Chinhu chikuru chemafungu emvura isimba regiravhiti. Mwedzi une huremu hudiki pane Nyika, asi kuva pedyo kwawo kunoita kuti simba rawo rekukwevera pasi rive rinokosha. Simba regiravhiti reMwedzi rinokwevera pasi uye, kunyanya, huremu hwemvura yegungwa. Zvisinei, mafungu haasi kungo "kwevera mvura yegungwa kuMwedzi." Chinokosha musiyano uripo pakukwevera kweMwedzi panzvimbo dzakasiyana paNyika.
Rutivi rweNyika rwakatarisana neMwedzi runowana simba guru regiravhiti kupfuura rimwe divi rakatarisana. Musiyano uyu unonzi simba remafungu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mafungu maviri anoumbwa: rimwe riri kudivi rakatarisana neMwedzi, nekuda kwekudhonza kwakasimba kwegiravhiti, uye rimwe riri kudivi rakatarisana, nekuda kwekudhonza kusina simba kwegiravhiti. Mukati mehurongwa hweNyika-Mwedzi, kuvapo kwebundu rekure kunowanzotsanangurwa nemusanganiswa wemhedzisiro yakasiyana yegiravhiti uye kufamba kwakagovaniswa kwepakati pehukuru hwehurongwa hweNyika-Mwedzi (barycenter).
Nemaburi maviri aya, sezvo Nyika ichitenderera, nzvimbo yegungwa inowanzo "pfuura" pamusoro pemaburi ese ari maviri mukutenderera kumwe chete, saka nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinosangana nemafungu maviri epamusoro uye mafungu maviri akaderera munenge pazuva rimwe chete. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekuti Mwedzi unofambawo uchitenderera Nyika, kutenderera kwemvura hakusi kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana chaiwo; paavhareji, kunotevera "zuva remwedzi" remaawa makumi maviri nemana nemaminitsi makumi mashanu. Ndokusaka nguva yemvura yakakwira ichichinja maminetsi makumi mashanu gare gare zuva rega rega.
Basa reZuva: mwedzi wakazara nemwedzi wekota
Kunyangwe Mwedzi uri iwo unonyanya kukonzera mafungu emvura, Zuva rinewo basa. Simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi rakakura zvikuru, asi riri kure zvekuti simba raro remafungu ridiki pane reMwedzi (rinenge hafu yaro yakakura). Kana Nyika, Mwedzi, neZuva zvakabatana—paMwedzi mutsva (pamwe chete) kana Mwedzi wakazara (kupikisa)—masimba emafungu eMwedzi neZuva anoita divi rimwe chete. Izvi zvinoguma nemafungu emvura emuchirimo (asina chekuita nechirimo, asi "kukwira"), ayo ari huwandu hwakakura kupfuura avhareji hwemafungu emvura (musiyano wehuwandu hwemvura pakati pemafungu emvura akakwira neakaderera).
Kusiyana neizvi, kana Mwedzi uri muchikamu chawo chekutanga kana chechitatu, nzvimbo yawo inoumba kona inosvika madhigirii makumi mapfumbamwe kubva pamutsetse wePasi neZuva. Panguva iyi, simba reMwedzi neZuva "rinodzima" rimwe nerimwe, zvichiita kuti daro remvura rive shoma. Uku ndiko kunonoka kwemvura. Kune vabati vehove, vanoshanda pachiteshi chezvikepe, uye vanoronga mabasa egungwa, maitiro aya emvura yechirimo akakosha nekuti anoona kuti mvura inoyerera sei ine simba uye kuti mvura yakawanda sei.
Sei hurefu hwemvura inonaya huchisiyana kubva panzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe?
Dai mafungu emvura aingoenderana negiravhiti yeMwedzi, mahombekombe ese ePasi aizoona maitiro akafanana. Muchokwadi, kukwirira kwemafungu emvura kwakasiyana zvakanyanya: dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoona mafungu emvura emvura emakumi emasendimita chete, nepo dzimwe dzichigona kusvika mamita makumi, senge muBay of Fundy (Canada). Musiyano uyu unokonzerwa nezvinhu zvikuru zvakati wandei:
1. Chimiro chegungwa uye mhenderekedzo yegungwa
Kudzikira kwenzvimbo yegungwa kunogona "kutarisa" huwandu hwemvura, zvichiwedzera mafungu. Magadzirirwo enzvimbo yegungwa ane chekuitawo nekufamba uye kupenya kwemafungu emvura.
2. Kurira kwezwi
Bhodhoro rega rega remvura rine nguva yaro yekuzunguzika. Kana nguva yemvura yasvika panguva yaro, huwandu hwemvura yaro hunogona kuwedzera sekunge kuzununguka kunosundirwa panguva yakakodzera.
3. Mhedzisiro yeCoriolis uye simba remafungu emvura
Mafungu egungwa mafungu akafanana nemafungu marefu anokanganiswa nekutenderera kweNyika. Izvi zvinokonzera hurongwa hwemagetsi hunotenderera (amphidromic) mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvichikonzera kusava nemafungu pane dzimwe nzvimbo (amplitudes pedyo ne zero), nepo mune dzimwe mafungu acho akakura zvikuru.
4. Kukweshana uye kudzika kwemvura
Mvura isina kudzika inowedzera kukweshana kwepasi, ichichinja chimiro uye inoderedza kana dzimwe nguva kuwedzera amplitude kuburikidza nekudyidzana kwakaoma nechimiro chemahombekombe.
Nekuda kwezvinhu izvi, dzimwe nzvimbo dzinosangana nemafungu maviri pazuva (semidiurnal), dzimwe zuva rimwe chete (diurnal), uye dzakawanda dzine mafungu akasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, Indonesia ine marudzi akasiyana-siyana emafungu anokanganiswa nekusangana kwemakungwa, straits, uye archipelagic topography.
Kudyidzana kwenguva refu: kunonoka kwekutenderera kweNyika uye kutenderera kweMwedzi
Kusangana kwemvura yegungwa hakungofambise mvura yegungwa kumusoro nekudzika zuva nezuva; asiwo kunotamisa simba nekufamba kwemhepo pakati peNyika neMwedzi. Kubuda kwemvura hakugari kwakabatana neKubatana kweNyika neMwedzi nekuti Nyika inotenderera nekukurumidza kupfuura Mwedzi. Kusangana kwemvura mugungwa uye kusangana nepasi pegungwa zvinoita kuti kubuda kwemvura kunonoke kana kutungamira zvishoma zvichienderana nemafambiro enzvimbo, asi pasi rose, kubuda kwemvura kunowanzova pamberi peMwedzi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, simba regiravhiti riri pakati peMwedzi nekubva kwemvura rinoburitsa torque.
Torque iyi ine mhedzisiro miviri mikuru:
1. Kutenderera kwenyika kuri kunonoka
Simba rekutenderera kwenyika riri kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma nekuda kwekunyangarika kwesimba remvura (kunyanya kupisa kuburikidza nekukweshana). Nekuda kweizvozvo, kureba kwezuva kunowedzera zvishoma nekufamba kwenguva pachiyero chejeologiya.
2. Mwedzi uri kufamba kubva panyika
Mwenje wekona unorasika kubva pakutenderera kweNyika unotamisirwa kutenderera kweMwedzi, zvichiwedzera nharaunda yekufamba kweMwedzi. Kuyerwa kwemazuva ano uchishandisa laser reflectors dzakasiyiwa neApollo missions kunoratidza kuti Mwedzi uri kufamba kubva kuNyika nemasendimita mashoma pagore. Nekufamba kwenguva, izvi zvinoreva kuti munguva iri kure, mwero wekufamba kwemvura nepasi uchachinja uye kureba kwezuva reNyika kucharamba kuchiwedzera.
Maitiro aya anopawo zviratidzo nezvekare kwePasi. Kubva pane zvakanyorwa zve geology uye mamwe mafossil anonyora rhythms ezuva nezuva kana emwedzi wega wega (sekukura kwe lamination), masayendisiti anogona kufungidzira kuti mazana emamiriyoni emakore apfuura, mazuva ePasi aive mapfupi uye Mwedzi waive pedyo, zvichiita kuti mapatani emvura awedzere kusimba mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Mhedzisiro yemafungu pahupenyu hwevanhu nemabasa avo
Mafungu emvura anokanganisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu hwemahombekombe. Munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu, nzvimbo iri pakati pemafungu emvura—nzvimbo iri pasi pemvura uye inoonekwa mumhepo—inopa nzvimbo yakasiyana yekugara kwezvisikwa zvinofanirwa kutsungirira kuchinja kwekupisa, munyu, uye kusanaya kwemvura. Mafungu emvura anobatsirawo kutakura zvinovaka muviri, kuparadzira magonye, uye kumutsa mvura, nokudaro zvichikanganisa kubereka kwehove.
Kudivi revanhu, mafungu emvura anosarudza nguva yengarava dzinopinda muzviteshi zvisina kudzika, anokanganisa kuchengetedzeka kwenzvimbo dzinoyambuka, uye anobatsira pakurongwa kwenzvimbo dzinoungana vanhu, magwa, uye masisitimu emvura mumaguta ari kumahombekombe. Mumamiriro ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kukwira kwemvura yegungwa, kunzwisisa mafungu emvura kwava kunyanya kukosha nekuti mafashamo emvura anowanzoitika kana mafungu emvura akakwira akabatana nemadutu, mafungu, uye kukwira kwemvura yegungwa.
Uyezve, simba remafungu emvura isimba rinogona kuvandudzwa. Zvivako zvemagetsi zvemafungu zvinoshandisa musiyano wehuwandu hwemvura kana mafungu emvura. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwawo kunoda kudzidza zvakadzama kudzivirira kukanganisa ecosystem, nzira dzekufamba kwezvisikwa, kana simba remafungu.
Penutup
Kudyidzana kwepasi nemwedzi pakati penyika muenzaniso wakajeka wekuti masimba emuchadenga anokanganisa sei hupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kukweva kweMwedzi—kuchibatsirwa neZuva—kunogadzira mafungu emvura anoyerera mugungwa, achigadzira chimiro chemahombekombe nepasi pegungwa, uye achigadzira mapatani akasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Mukati mezviyero zvenguva refu, mafungu anoshanda senzira yekuchinjana simba, zvishoma nezvishoma achinonotsa kutenderera kweNyika uye achisundira Mwedzi kure. Chiitiko ichi chinobatanidza denga negungwa, zvichiratidza kuti Nyika haisi sisitimu yakasiyana asi chikamu chekutamba kwemhepo inokwevera pasi kwave kuripo kwemabhiriyoni emakore.
