Pluto muZvidzidzo zvePlanetary Astronomy
Pluto ndeimwe yezvinhu zvinonakidza zvikuru munhoroondo yekuongorora nyeredzi dzemazuva ano. Yaimboonekwa sepuraneti rechipfumbamwe muSolar System, ndokuzo "dzikiswa" kuita dharf planet status. Zvisinei, shanduko iyi mutsananguro haina kuderedza kukosha kwesainzi kwaPluto. Zvakasiyana zvachose: Pluto yakava nzvimbo yakakosha yekupinda mukunzwisisa nzvimbo dzekunze dzeSolar System, mashandiro emitumbi midiki, uye kuti sainzi inofambira mberi sei kuburikidza nekucherechedza, data, uye gakava repfungwa.
Kuwanikwa kwePluto uye nhoroondo yayo
Pluto yakawanikwa musi wa18 Kukadzi 1930, naClyde Tombaugh paLowell Observatory, Arizona. Kutsvaga kwake kwakakonzerwa nekuvapo kwe "Planet X," iyo inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yaikonzera kusagadzikana kudiki mukufamba kweUranus neNeptune. Nekuenzanisa mapikicha emuchadenga (achishandisa nzira yekuenzanisa blink), Tombaugh akawana nzvimbo inofamba yakazozivikanwa sechinhu chitsva. Veruzhinji nevesainzi vakaigamuchira sepasi rechipfumbamwe, kunyanya sezvo nzvimbo dzekunze dzeSolar System dzaive dzichiri dzisinganzwisisike panguva iyoyo.
Nekufamba kwenguva, kuverenga kwakarurama kwakaratidza kuti "kuvhiringidzika" kwemuchadenga kwakakonzera kutsvaga Pluto kwakabva zvakanyanya kubva mukusaziva mune data rekare, kwete kubva pakudhonzwa kwepuraneti hombe, isina kuwanikwa. Uyezve, huremu hwaPluto hwakazove hudiki kwazvo—hudiki zvikuru pane hwemapuraneti makuru—zvokuti hwaisagona kunge huri chikonzero chikuru chekukanganiswa kwemuchadenga kwemamwe mapuraneti. Kuwanikwa uku kwakavhura chitsauko chitsva: Pluto yakanga isiri "puraneti hombe" yataitsvaga, asi yaive nhengo yakajairika yevanhu vane chando vari kumucheto kweSolar System.
Hunhu hwePluto uye kutenderera kwayo
Pluto iri paavhareji yedaro remayuniti enyeredzi angangoita 39,5 (AU) kubva kuZuva, iro riri paavhareji ka39,5 kupfuura daro rePasi neZuva. Kutenderera kwayo kwakasiyana: yakatenderera zvakanyanya (yakafanana zvikuru) uye yakatsamira kundege ye ecliptic (kutenderera kwemadhigirii angangoita 17). Dzimwe nguva, Pluto iri padyo neZuva kupfuura Neptune, sezvayaive pakati pa1979 na1999. Zvisinei, Pluto haisati yambosangana neNeptune nekuti dziri muresonance ye3:2 orbital; Pluto inotenderera Zuva kaviri pese pese Neptune painotenderera Zuva katatu. Resonance iyi inochengetedza dynamics yayo yeorbital yakagadzikana kwenguva refu.
Pluto ine dhayamita inosvika 2.377 km (1,377 mi), diki pane Mwedzi (inenge 3.474 km) uye diki pane mamwe masateliti makuru ari muSolar System. Huremu hwayo hunosvika 0,2% kupfuura hwePasi. Pluto inonyanya kuumbwa nechando nematombo, ine pamusoro payo pane nitrogen ice (N₂), methane (CH₄), uye carbon monoxide (CO). Tembiricha yayo yepamusoro yakaderera zvikuru, inenge makumi eKelvin, zvichibvumira vaporities dzakadai senitrogen kuti iome uye iite sublimate, mushure memwaka wePluto.
Sisitimu yesatellite yaCharon naPluto
Kusiyana kwePluto kwakawedzera kuoneka muna 1978 apo mwedzi wayo mukuru, Charon, wakawanikwa. Upamhi hwaCharon hunenge hafu yePluto, zvichiita kuti chiyero chavo chisawanzoitika kune system yeplanet-satellite. Barycenter yesystem yePluto-Charon (pakati pehukuru) iri kunze kwemuviri waPluto, zvichiita kuti inowanzonzi system yeplanet "binary". Kuwedzera kuna Charon, Pluto ine mwedzi midiki mina: Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, naStyx. Kuwanikwa kwemwedzi iyi kwakabatsira masayendisiti kuyera hupamhi hwaPluto nemazvo uye kudzidza maitiro akaomarara emasystem ari muKuiper Belt.
Kwakabva Charon kunofungidzirwa kuti kwakabatana nechiitiko chikuru chekugumburwa, zvakafanana nefungidziro yekuumbwa kweMwedzi. Kubonderana pakati pePluto yekutanga nechimwe chinhu muKuiper Belt kungave kwakaburitsa zvinhu zvakazoumba Charon nemimwe mwedzi midiki. Kana zviri zvechokwadi, Pluto ingave muenzaniso wakakosha wekuyedza dzidziso yekuumbwa kwesatellite kuburikidza nekugumburwa muSolar System yekunze.
Pluto neKuiper Belt: kuchinja kwemaonero
Kuchinja kukuru mukudzidza nezvenyeredzi dzemapuraneti kwakaitika muma1990 apo nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakatanga kuwana zvinhu zvakawanda kunze kweNeptune, yava kunzi Kuiper Belt. Huwandu uhwu hune mitumbi ine chando nematombo, yakasara kubva pakuumbwa kweSolar System, ine saizi dzakasiyana uye mafambiro akasiyana. Pluto, zvinobuda pachena, haisiriyo yega inokatyamadza, asi inhengo huru yenharaunda yezvinhu zve trans-Neptunian (TNOs).
Kuwanikwa kwaEris muna 2005—chinhu chakaenzana nehuremu nePluto kana kutoti chakakura zvishoma—kwaive chinhu chakakosha. Dai Pluto yaizoramba iri puraneti, saka Eris nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvaizoonekwawo semapuraneti. Izvi zvakazivisa nharaunda yezvemuchadenga nezvekudiwa kwetsananguro yakasimba.
Tsanangudzo yepuraneti nemamiriro e "puraneti diki"
Muna 2006, International Astronomical Union (IAU) yakagadzira tsananguro yepamutemo yepuraneti. Zvichienderana netsanangudzo iyi, puraneti inofanira: (1) kutenderera Zuva, (2) kuva nehuremu hwakakwana kuti irambe yakaita sedenderedzwa (hydrostatic equilibrium), uye (3) "kubvisa zvinhu zvakafanana munzvimbo yayo inotenderera". Pluto inosangana nezvinodiwa (1) uye (2), asi haisviki pazvinodiwa (3) nekuti kutenderera kwayo kunogovana nzvimbo nezvinhu zvakawanda zveKuiper Belt. Saka, Pluto inorongwa se "puraneti diki."
Mukuongorora nyeredzi dzepasi, sarudzo iyi inopfuura kungova chiratidzo chete. Inoratidza kuti masayendisiti anosiyanisa sei zvinhu zvine simba regiravhiti (mapuraneti) kubva kune "mapoka" evanhu vari muboka rebhandi (mapuraneti madiki nemuviri mudiki). Zvisinei, tsananguro yeIAU yakakonzerawo gakava: vamwe vaongorori venyeredzi vanotenda kuti "kubvisa kutenderera kwemhepo" kunoenderana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo yemuviri uye nhoroondo yekuchinja kwezvinhu, kwete hunhu hwawo hwemukati. Gakava iri rinoramba riri hurukuro yedzidzo inoenderera mberi, ichiratidza kuti kupatsanurwa kwesainzi kunogona kuchinja sezvo data uye dzidziso zvichichinja.
Basa reNew Horizons uye shanduko yedata
Kunzwisisa kwevanhu nezvePluto kwakafambira mberi zvikuru nebasa reNASA reNew Horizons. Rakatangwa muna 2006, ongororo iyi yakabhururuka nePluto musi wa14 Chikunguru 2015, richidzosa mifananidzo nedata zvakachinja zvitendero zvavakagara vachitenda. Pluto yakazove nyika inoshanda mune zvemajiyoroji.
New Horizons yakawana nzvimbo hombe yechando ine nitrogen, yakaita semoyo, inozivikanwa seTombaugh Regio, kusanganisira Sputnik Planitia—dhishi guru rinofungidzirwa kuti inzvimbo ine chando, chakafanana negeological boil, asi ine nitrogen ice sezvinhu zvayo. Yakawanawo makomo ane chando chemvura, icho pakupisa kwePluto chinoshanda sedombo rakasimba. Pane zviratidzo zvemaitiro madiki pamusoro, pasina maburi ekudonha kwemvura munzvimbo dzimwe, zvichiratidza kuti panenge paine matombo matsva munguva pfupi yapfuura geological.
Basa iri rakaongororawo mhepo yakatetepa yePluto, inoumbwa zvakanyanya nenitrogen ine zvisaririra zvemethane. Kudyidzana kwemhepo nemwaranzi yezuva nemhepo yezuva kunoita kuti pave nehutsi hwakaoma. Nekuti Pluto ine mwaka wakanyanya nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwayo uye kutenderera kwayo kwedenderedzwa, mhepo yayo inofungidzirwa kuti "inofema": inokura kana iri pedyo neZuva uye inokotama kana kuomesa kana iri kure.
Kukosha kwaPluto kune nyeredzi dzemazuva ano dzepasi
Pluto inokosha kwete nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yekare yemapuraneti, asi nekuti inomiririra boka renyika dzine chando dziri kumucheto kweSolar System. Mukudzidza nezvenyeredzi dzemapuraneti, Pluto inobatsira kupindura mibvunzo mikuru: kuti mapuraneti nemitumbi midiki zvakaumbwa sei mumadhisiki eprotoplanetary, kuti kufamba kwemapuraneti makuru kwakaumba sei chimiro cheKuiper Belt, uye kuti maitiro egeological anogona sei kukura pamitumbi midiki, ine chando.
Uyezve, Pluto inoshanda seanalog (kuenzanisa) nedzimwe nyika dzine chando dzakadai seTriton (satellite yeNeptune), mwedzi yakati wandei yeSaturn, uye kunyange maTNO asina kuwanikwa. Kana Pluto ichiri kuratidza dynamics ye geological munzvimbo inotonhora kudaro, saka mukana wekuti "chiitiko" chiitike kune dzimwe nyika dzine chando unowedzera kunzwisisika, kusanganisira kuvapo kwepasi pevhu raive, kana kuti richiri, mvura.
Penutup
Pluto muenzaniso wakakwana wekuti sainzi haisi static. Yakawanikwa se "nyika yepfumbamwe," yakazonzwisiswa senhengo huru yeKuiper Belt, uye pakupedzisira yakazoiswa muchikamu chepasi chidiki muhurongwa hwekupatsanura hwemazuva ano. Zvisinei, kukosha kwePluto kwakawedzera nekuti kwakamanikidza vanoongorora nyeredzi kugadzira tsananguro dzakanyatsoenderana, kugadzira dzidziso dzekunze kweSolar System dynamics, uye kutumira mishoni dzakaratidza kuoma kwenyika diki dzaimbove nzvimbo dzechiedza.
Mukudzidza nezvenyeredzi dzepasi, Pluto inodzidzisa chidzidzo chakakosha: kunyange zvinhu zviri kure, zvidiki, uye zvinotonhora zvinogona kubata kiyi yekunzwisisa nhoroondo yakakura yeSolar System. Haisi kungonyorwa pasi muchikamu, asi rabhoritari yechisikigo yekudzidza shanduko yemuchadenga, kuumbwa kwechando, mhepo yakatetepa, uye geology yakasiyana iri kumucheto kwepuraneti redu.
