Simba reGravity reZuva paMapuraneti
Simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi ndiro "shinda risingaonekwe" rinochengetedza solar system iri mugwara. Pasina simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi, mapuraneti haaizotenderera zvakadzikama, asi aizofamba nekumhanya kwawo kwekutanga okandwa muchadenga chepakati penyeredzi. Asi simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi harisi re "kubata" mapuraneti pamwe chete; rinoumba mafambiro awo, rinoona kumhanya kwawo, rinopesvedzera tembiricha kuburikidza nedaro, rinobatana nesimba remamwe mapuraneti, uye rinotoburitsa mhedzisiro isina kujeka senge orbital precession. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mashandiro anoita simba rezuva uye kuti rinopesvedzera sei maitiro emapuraneti ari musolar system.
1. Simba rinokwevera pasi ndiro rinotonga zuva
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, simba rinokwevera pasi isimba rinokwevera pakati pemasasi maviri. Zuva rine inenge 99,86% yehuremu hwese hwenyika yezuva, zvichiita kuti simba raro rekukwevera pasi rive guru. Nekuda kwehuremu hwaro hukuru, Zuva rinogadzira "tsime regiravhiti" rakadzika, zvichiita kuti zvinhu zvakaripoteredza - mapuraneti, maasteroid, nemakometi - zvienderere mberi naro.
Mapuraneti haawire zvakananga muZuva nekuti anewo kumhanya kwakakura kwetangential (kumhanya kwedivi). Mugumisiro wacho kufamba kwemuchadenga: mapuraneti anoramba "achidonha" akananga kuZuva nekuda kwegiravhiti, asi panguva imwe chete "achimhanya nedivi," kuitira kuti nzira dzawo dzikombere uye dzigadzire makomba akavharwa (kazhinji ari pedyo neellipses).
2. Sarudza chimiro chedenderedzwa: denderedzwa, hunhu hwekunze, uye daro repakati
Zvinoenderana nemutemo waKepler, kutenderera kwepasi kazhinji kunenge kwakaita sedenderedzwa, Zuva riri panzvimbo imwe chete. Chimiro ichi chedenderedzwa chinoenderana nekuenzana kuripo pakati pesimba rekufamba kwepasi uye simba rayo rekukwevera pasi muhurongwa hweZuva nepasi.
Dhigirii re "oval" yeorbit inonzi eccentricity. Kana eccentricity iri pedyo ne zero, orbit inenge yakatenderera (semuenzaniso, Venus). Kana yakakura, orbit inenge yakatenderera zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, Mercury, iyo isingawanzoitiki). Simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi ndiro chinhu chikuru chinoumba orbit idzi, asi kudyidzana kwemapuraneti pakati pemapuraneti kunogonawo kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma eccentricity kwenguva yakareba.
Kureba kwepuraneti kubva kuZuva kunosarudzawo zvinhu zvakawanda: kubva pakupisa kwayo kwepamusoro kusvika panguva yekuchinja kwayo. Mapuraneti ari pedyo akadai seMercury neVenus anowana simba guru regiravhiti kupfuura mapuraneti ari kure akadai seUranus neNeptune.
3. Gadzirisa kumhanya kwepasi: kana riri pedyo, rinokurumidza
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kunzwisiswa negiravhiti reZuva ndiko kusiyana kwekumhanya kwemuchadenga. Mapuraneti ari pedyo neZuva anofamba nekukurumidza. Izvi zvinoenderana nemutemo wechipiri waKepler: mapuraneti anotsvaira nzvimbo dzakaenzana munguva dzakaenzana, saka kana puraneti iri pedyo neZuva (perihelion), kumhanya kwayo kunowedzera; kana iri kure (aphelion), kumhanya kwayo kunoderera.
Semuenzaniso, Mercury inotenderera Zuva mumazuva angangoita 88 ePasi, nepo Neptune inotora makore angangoita 165 ePasi kuti ipedze kutenderera kamwe chete. Musiyano uyu mukuru unomuka nekuti kudhonza kwegiravhiti kunoonekwa nepasi kunoenderana nedaro rayo: kure kwairi, kudhonza kwacho kunowedzera simba, uye nekudaro kumhanya kwakasimba kwemuchadenga kunodiwa kuti kudzorere simba regiravhiti.
4. Kuziva nguva yechimurenga: hukama huripo pakati pedaro nenguva
Mutemo wechitatu waKepler unoti sikweya yenguva yekuchinja kwenyika inoenderana zvakananga ne cube yeavhareji yedaro rayo kubva kuZuva. Mukufunga, kana nyika iri kure neZuva, daro rayo rekutenderera rinokura uye simba rayo rekukwevera pasi rinoderera, izvo zvinotsausa nzira yayo, zvichiita kuti zvitore nguva yakareba kuti ipedze kutenderera kamwe chete.
Kurova kwacho kunoonekwa zvakajeka pachiyero chezuva: mapuraneti emukati ane "makore" mapfupi, nepo mapuraneti ekunze ane marefu. Izvi hazvingoitiki nekuda kwedaro rawo rakakura rekutenderera, asiwo nekuda kwekumhanya kwawo kunononoka kwekutenderera nekuda kwekudhonza kwawo kudiki kwegiravhiti.
5. Kugadzikana kwemuchadenga uye "kutamba" kwesimba rinokwevera pasi nemamwe mapuraneti
Kunyange zvazvo simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi richitonga, mapuraneti anokweveranawo. Kudyidzana uku kunokonzera kusagadzikana kwemuchadenga uko kunogona kuchinja kutenderera kwemuchadenga, hunhu hwacho, uye nzvimbo nekufamba kwenguva. Zvisinei, Zuva rinoramba riri chinhu chikuru chinochengetedza hurongwa kuti husashande zvisina kunaka.
Muenzaniso wekare wesimba regiravhiti reZuva nemamwe mapuraneti rakabatana iresonance yekutenderera. Semuenzaniso, mamwe maasteroid ari mu "mipata" chaiyo mubhandi reasteroid nekuda kweresonance neJupiter. Munzvimbo idzi, kudhonza kweJupiter nguva nenguva—mumamiriro ezvinhu ehurongwa hunodzorwa neZuva—kunogona kukanganisa orbit yeasteroid, zvichiita kuti isagadzikane uye kuisundira mune imwe orbit.
Nemamwe mashoko, simba rinokwevera pasi reZuva ndiro rinoumba danho repakati, nepo mapuraneti makuru, kunyanya Jupiter neSaturn, achizova "vatambi" vekuwedzera vanokanganisa mafambiro ezvinhu.
6. Kuderera kwemvura uye pesvedzero dzisina kunanga
Simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi rinokonzeresawo masimba emvura. Panyika, mafungu egungwa akasimba anobva kusimba remwedzi, asi Zuva rinopawo mupiro wakakosha. Kana Zuva, Mwedzi, neNyika zvanyatsoenderana (mwedzi mutsva kana wakazara), mafungu anenge ari padanho rawo guru (mafungu emuchirimo). Paanoumba kona yekurudyi (chikamu chekutanga kana chechitatu), mafungu acho anenge ari madiki (mafungu emvura anosvika nepaburi).
Kune mamwe mapuraneti, mhedzisiro yemvura inobva kuZuva inogona kukonzera kupisa kwemukati kana chinhu chiri pedyo uye kutenderera kwacho kuri kusinganzwisisike. Kunyange zvazvo mienzaniso ine simba kwazvo yekupisa kwemvura inowanzobatanidzwa nekudyidzana nemapuraneti makuru (semuenzaniso, Io neJupiter), musimboti wepanyama unoramba wakafanana: musiyano mukudhonzwa kwesimba regiravhiti pazvikamu zvechinhu unounza kutambanudza, kukweshana kwemukati, uye kupisa.
7. Kufamba kwechikamu chemuchadenga: kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma munzira yedenderedzwa
Mafambiro epasi haasi ma "ellipses" akagadzika. Kutungamira kwe "long axis" ye "ellipse" kunotenderera zvishoma nezvishoma, chiitiko chinonzi precession. Kuenderera mberi uku kunoitika nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana: kukanganiswa kwesimba remagetsi kubva kune mamwe mapuraneti uye mhedzisiro ye "general relativity", kunyanya paMercury.
Kune Mercury, precession yayo yeperihelion ndeimwe yehumbowo hwakakosha hwehukama hwaEinstein. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti mudzi wechiitiko ichi uchiri wakabatana nekuti Zuva inzvimbo huru yegiravhiti, zvichigadzira chimiro che orbital chinonzwa zvakanyanya kukanganiswa kudiki.
8. Kuchengetedza mapuraneti akasungwa: miganhu yesimba reZuva
Mukuwirirana nepfungwa dzekukwevera zvinhu pasi, Zuva rine nzvimbo inotonga inonzi "sphere of influence," kana kuti, zvakanyanya, muganhu wekugadzikana kwesimba regiravhiti pakukanganiswa kwekunze. Munzvimbo iyi, zvinhu zvinowanzobatanidzwa zvakanyanya neZuva kupfuura kune dzimwe nyeredzi. Ndokusaka macomet ari mukati meOort Cloud achiri kuonekwa sechikamu chesolar system, pasinei nedaro rawo guru.
Asi pamiganhu yekunze, kudhonzwa kwenyeredzi nedzimwe nyeredzi uye kusagadzikana kwenyeredzi zvinogona kukanganisa kutenderera kwemhepo yemudenga, zvichiikanda muhurongwa hwezuva hwemukati kana kuti kunze. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti simba rezuva, kunyange zvazvo rine simba pachiyero chepanyika, richiri nemiganhu padaro rakakwirira.
9. Kupesvedzera mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze epasi kuburikidza nedaro
Simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi haringogumiri pakutonga kufamba, asiwo rinokanganisa mamiriro epasi nenzira isina kunanga nekudzora daro rekutenderera. Kureba ndiko kunosarudza kusimba kwechiedza nesimba rinogashirwa pasi. Nzvimbo inogarwa inowanzo kurukurwa munyaya iyi, nzvimbo iyo mvura inogona kunge yakadzikama pamusoro pepasi (tichifunga kuti pane mhepo yakakodzera).
Nemamwe mashoko, nekuti simba rezuva rinokwevera zvinhu pasi (uye simba rezuva rinokwevera zvinhu pasi) ndiro rinoona daro riri pakati nepakati, simba renyika rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoita basa guru mukuita kuti pasi rive nemamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera hupenyu.
Mhedziso
Simba rezuva rinokwevera pasi pamapuraneti ndiro guru uye rinopararira. Rinochengeta mapuraneti panzvimbo pawo, rinoona chimiro nekugadzikana kwenzira dzawo, rinotonga kumhanya kwawo nenguva yekuchinja, uye rinobatana negiravhiti remamwe mapuraneti kuti riburitse kukanganiswa kwenzira, manzwi, uye kuenderera mberi kwemamiriro ekunze. Kunyangwe zviitiko zvinonzwika paNyika, zvakaita semafungu emvura, zvinosanganisira Zuva. Pakupedzisira, giravhiti reZuva harisi simba rekukwezva chete; ndiro chimiro chikuru chinoumba "magadzirirwo" ezuva uye chinobvumira mapuraneti kutevedzera maitiro ekufamba kwenguva dzose kwemabhiriyoni emakore.
