Nhoroondo neKubudirira kweDzidziso yeAstronomical
Nyanzvi yezvenyeredzi inyanzvi yesainzi inodzidza zvinhu zvemudenga zvakaita senyeredzi, mapuraneti, makometi, magiraksi, nezvimwe zviitiko zvechisikigo. Kubva kutsika dzekare kusvika kune tekinoroji yemazuva ano, ruzivo rwezvenyeredzi nedzidziso zvakafambira mberi nekukurumidza. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo nekukura kwedzidziso yezvenyeredzi kubva munguva dzekare kusvika nhasi.
Nguva Dzekare: Zvakacherechedzwa Pakutanga
Munguva dzekare, vanhu vakatanga kuona nekunyora zviitiko zvemudenga. Semuenzaniso, vaIjipita nevaBhabhironi vakagadzira makarenda zvichibva pakufamba kwezuva nemwedzi. Munguva iyi, nyeredzi dzaive dzichiri kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nekuongorora nyeredzi, kudzidza hukama huripo pakati pekufamba kwemitumbi yemudenga neramangwana revanhu.
MuGreece yekare, nyeredzi dzakatanga kubatanidza dzidziso dze geometric. Thales weMiletus naPythagoras vaive vamwe vevanhu vekutanga vakaita mabasa akakosha. Zvisinei, Aristotle ndiye akaisa hwaro hwakadzama nepfungwa ye geocentrism, uko Pasi raionekwa sepakati pezvinhu zvose. Modhi iyi yakazogadziriswa naPtolemy nehurongwa hwake hwePtolemaic, hwaive hwakaoma zvikuru asi hwakarurama zvakakwana kufanotaura mafambiro emapuraneti.
Renaissance: Kuberekwa kweHeliocentrism
Kuongorora nyeredzi kwakafambira mberi nekukurumidza panguva yeRenaissance. Kuwanikwa kwaNicolaus Copernicus kwe heliocentrism kwaive chiitiko chakakosha. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies), Copernicus akataura kuti zuva , kwete Nyika, ndiro raive pakati penyika yezuva. Maonero aya aive echinjo huru uye ane gakava munguva yaro, achipesana nedzidziso yechechi yaitonga.
Zvakawanikwa naCopernicus zvakazotsigirwa nevamwe masayendisiti vakaita saJohannes Kepler naGalileo Galilei. Kepler, mubhuku rake rinonzi "Astronomia Nova," akatsanangura mitemo yekufamba kwemapuraneti, achigadzirisa muenzaniso waCopernicus nekutaura kuti marongero emapuraneti aive akatenderera, kwete akatenderera. Galileo, achishandisa teresikopu yake, akawana humbowo hunotsigira heliocentrism, senge zvikamu zveVenus nemwedzi mina mikuru yaJupiter, inozivikanwa semasatellite eGalilean.
Mazana emakore echi17 nerechi18: Mutemo wechisikigo uye Simba reKukwevera Zvinhu
Zvakawanikwa naIsaac Newton zvakasimbisa dzidziso ye heliocentrism nemutemo wake wegravitation yepasi rose. Mubhuku rake rakakosha, "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principia Mathematica) (Mathematical Principia Mathematica) (Mathematical Principia Mathematica) (Mathematical Principia Mathematica), Newton akatsanangura mitemo mitatu yekufamba inopa tsananguro yemasvomhu yekufamba kwemitumbi yemuchadenga. Mutemo waNewton wegravitation yepasi rose wakapa kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti mapuraneti, nyeredzi, nezvimwe zvinhu zvemuchadenga zvinodyidzana sei kuburikidza nesimba regravitation.
Muzana remakore rechi18, nyeredzi dzakabudirira nekuwana zvinhu zvitsva. Semuenzaniso, William Herschel akawana puraneti yeUranus muna 1781 uye akaonawo nekunyora zviuru zvenyeredzi nemaburi.
Mazana emakore e19 ne20: Kuwanikwa kweMagirazi uye Kukura kweNyika
Muzana remakore rechi19, nyeredzi dzakapinda munguva ye spectroscopy, iyo yakabvumira masayendisiti kudzidza nezvemakemikari ari munyeredzi . Izvi zvakagoneka nebasa raJoseph von Fraunhofer naGustav Kirchhoff, avo vakawana nekudzidza mitsetse ye spectral.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Edwin Hubble akawana ruzivo rwakakura nezvemagalaksi. Achishandisa teresikopu yeHooker paMount Wilson Observatory, Hubble akawana kuti Andromeda nebula raive galaksi, kwete chikamu cheMilky Way. Kuwanikwa uku kwakachinja kunzwisisa kwedu hukuru hwechadenga, icho chakazove chakakura kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa kare.
Hubble akawanawo kuti mapoka enyeredzi ari kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, izvo zvakava hwaro hwedzidziso yekukura kwepasi rose . Izvi zvakaita kuti pave nedzidziso yeBig Bang , inova ndiyo tsananguro huru yekwakabva nekusimudzirwa kwepasi rose.
Kupinda Munguva Yemazuva Ano: Nyeredzi dzeRadio neTeresikopu dzeMuchadenga
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, nyeredzi dzeredhiyo dzakavhura nzira itsva dzekutarisa zvakasikwa. Kuwanikwa kwemapulsar naJocelyn Bell Burnell uye kuwanikwa kwemwaranzi yemuchadenga (CMB) naArno Penzias naRobert Wilson zvaive zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvakatsigira dzidziso yeBig Bang.
Zvirongwa zvekuongorora muchadenga, kunyanya mabasa eteresikopu yemuchadenga seHubble Space Telescope, yakatangwa muna 1990, zvakabatsira zvikuru mukusimudzira nyeredzi dzemazuva ano. Hubble Space Telescope yakatora mifananidzo inoshamisa yezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuchadenga uye yakabatsira kupindura mimwe yemibvunzo yakakosha munyeredzi.
Dzidziso Yemazuva Ano Neramangwana reNyeredzi
Nhasi uno, ruzivo rwedu pamusoro pezvinhu zvose zviri muchadenga rwuri kukura nekukurumidza nedzidziso itsva nekucherechedza. Imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kushanda ndeye cosmology, iyo inodzidza chimiro nenhoroondo yezvinhu zvose zviri muchadenga. Dzidziso yeBig Bang ichiri dzidziso huru, asi ikozvino inowedzerwa nepfungwa ye cosmic inflation, iyo inotsanangura kukura kwezvinhu zvose mushure meBig Bang.
Kutsvagurudza nezvezvinhu zviri murima nesimba rerima inyaya inokoshawo. Zvinhu zviri murima zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvine 27% yehuwandu hwese hwesimba riri muchadenga, nepo simba rerima richifungidzirwa kuti rine 68%. Zvese zviri zviviri zvichiri zvakavanzika zvikuru mukuongorora nyeredzi nefizikisi, asi kucherechedza kwakawanda nekuyedza kuri kuitwa kuti zvinyatsonzwisiswa.
Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzeExoplanet dzavewo chinhu chikuru chadzinonyanya kukoshesa mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. Neruzivo rwetekinoroji yeteresikopu iri kuwedzera kuomarara, senge James Webb Space Telescope yakarongwa , masayendisiti anotarisira kuwana nekuronga mapuraneti akawanda kunze kwe solar system yedu. Izvi hazvingopi chete ruzivo rwakakura pamusoro pekusiyana kwemapuraneti asiwo mukana wekuvapo kwehupenyu hwekunze kwenyika.
Mhedziso
Kuongorora nyeredzi kwave nekufambira mberi kunoshamisa kubva munguva dzekare kusvika kunguva yemazuva ano. Kubva pamuenzaniso we geocentric kusvika pamuenzaniso we heliocentric, kubva pamutemo wegravity kusvika kudzidziso yeBig Bang, danho rega rega munhoroondo yekuongorora nyeredzi rakatiswededza pedyo nekunzwisisa zvakasikwa zvakakura uye zvakaoma. Neruzivo rwehunyanzvi huri kuwedzera uye pfungwa itsva dziri kubuda nguva dzose, remangwana rekuongorora nyeredzi rinotaridzika serine tariro, richititungamira kuzvinhu zvatingave tisina kumbofungidzira.
