Chii chinonzi Gravitational Waves uye Kuwanikwa Kwavo?
Mafungu egiravhiti ndeimwe yezvakawanikwa zvinoshamisa mufizikisi yemazuva ano nekuti anopa vanhu "nzira itsva" yekuona zvakasikwa. Kunyange zvazvo nyeredzi dzaimbovimba nechiedza—kubva kuchiedza chinoonekwa, redhiyo, infrared, kusvika kuX-rays—mafungu egiravhiti anotibvumira kunzwa "kudengenyeka" kwenzvimbo nenguva pachayo. Chiitiko ichi hachisi kungofungidzira chete; mafungu egiravhiti akaonekwa zvakananga, zvichivhura chitsauko chitsva mukutsvagisa kwezvemuchadenga, kunyanya nezvezvinhu zvakanyanya senge maburi matema nenyeredzi dzemanyutroni.
Chii chinonzi mafungu egiravhiti?
Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mafungu egiravhiti mafungu kana kuti "mafungu" anopararira kuburikidza nenzvimbo-nguva nekuda kwekukurumidzira kwehukuru hwakakura kwazvo. Pfungwa yenzvimbo-nguva inotangira kubva kuna Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (1915), iyo inoona simba rinokwevera pasi kwete sesimba rinokwezva, sezviri muNewtonian physics, asi sekukombama kwenzvimbo nenguva nekuda kwekuvapo kwehukuru nesimba. Kana huwandu hukuru huchifamba nenzira dzakati—semuenzaniso, maburi maviri matema achitenderera-kombama kwenzvimbo-nguva kunoshanduka-shanduka uye kunoburitsa kusagadzikana kunopararira kumativi ese. Kukanganiswa uku kunonzi mafungu egiravhiti.
Mafungu egiravhiti anofamba nekumhanya kwechiedza. Zvisinei, simba rawo pazvinhu zvaanopfuura napo diki kwazvo. Fungidzira nzvimbo mbiri dziri kure nemakiromita imwe chete: fungu regiravhiti rinopfuura rinogona kuchinja daro iroro nepasi pedhayamita yeproton. Saka, kunyangwe pfungwa iyi yave iripo kubvira pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, zvaida tekinoroji yakaoma zvikuru kuti zviratidzwe.
Manyuko emafungu egiravhiti muchadenga
Haasi mafambiro ese ehukuru anogadzira mafungu egiravhiti anoyerwa. Zviitiko zvezuva nezuva zvakaita semotokari inofamba kana munhu ari kumhanya zvinoburitsa mafungu egiravhiti, asi hupamhi hwawo hudiki zvakanyanya kuti husaonekwe. Mafungu egiravhiti anoonekwa anowanzo bva muzviitiko zvemuchadenga zvinosanganisira mafungu makuru, kumhanya kwakanyanya, uye kufamba kusina kuenzana.
Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kukonzera mafungu egiravhiti zvinosanganisira:
1. Kubatanidzwa kwegomba dema
Makomba matema maviri ari kutenderera acharasikirwa nesimba kuburikidza nemafungu egiravhiti, nzira dzawo dzichaderera, uye pakupedzisira achasangana. Chiitiko ichi chichaburitsa chiratidzo chine simba chegiravhiti.
2. Kubatanidzwa kwenyeredzi dzeNeutron
Nyeredzi yeneutron ndiyo nyeredzi yakakora, yakasara pakati penyeredzi hombe. Kana nyeredzi mbiri dzeneutron dzakabatana, pamusoro pekugadzira mafungu egiravhiti, chiitiko ichi chinogonawo kuburitsa chiedza mumarefu akasiyana-siyana uye kugadzira zvinhu zvinorema zvakaita segoridhe.
3. Supernovae uye kuputika kukuru kwenyeredzi
Kudonha kwepakati penyeredzi dzimwe nguva hakuna kuenzana uye kunogona kuburitsa mafungu egiravhiti, kunyangwe kuaona kwakaoma zvikuru.
4. Kutenderera kusina kukwana kwenyeredzi dzemanyutron
Kana nyeredzi ye neutron ikatenderera ne "bump" kana kusagadzikana zvishoma, inogona kuburitsa mafungu egiravhiti nguva dzose.
5. Mafungu ekutanga egiravhiti
Pane fungidziro yekuti muchadenga Matanho ekutanga aiburitsa mafungu egiravhiti ai "omesesa" mudenga. Kana zvikaonekwa, izvi zvinogona kupa ruzivo nezvemasekondi ekutanga mushure me Big Bang.
Kubva padzidziso yaEinstein kusvika pahumbowo hwekutanga
Einstein akafanotaura mafungu egiravhiti muna 1916 (uye akaagadzirisa muna 1918) zvichibva pakuenzanisa kweGeneral Relativity. Asi kwemakumi emakore, masayendisiti anga achikakavadzana kana mafungu egiravhiti ari echokwadi kana kuti ari masvomhu chete. Dambudziko rinobva pakuti spacetime inoshanduka-shanduka; kunzwisisa "zvinonyatsoyerwa" hakusi nyore nguva dzose.
Nguva yakakosha yekuchinja yakaitika pakati pezana remakore rechi20 apo dzidziso ye relativity yakatanga uye nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzakatanga kunzwisisa kuti mafungu anokwevera pasi ane simba chairo. Kana hurongwa hukarasikirwa nesimba nekuburitsa mafungu anokwevera pasi, saka kutenderera kwahwo kana kufamba kwahwo kunofanira kuchinja nenzira inoyerwa.
Humbowo husina kunanga: Hulse–Taylor binary pulsars
Muna 1974, nyanzvi mbiri dzenyeredzi—Russell Hulse naJoseph Taylor—vakawana sisitimu yebinary pulsar inonzi PSR B1913+16. Mapulsar nyeredzi dzeneutron dzinoburitsa masaini eredhiyo nguva nenguva se "lighthouses." Musisitimu yebinary, pulsar inotenderera imwe nyeredzi yeneutron. Zvinoshamisa kuti nguva yekutenderera kwesisitimu iyi iri kudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma: zvinhu zviviri izvi zviri kufamba zviri pedyo.
Kudzikira uku kunoenderana chaizvo nekufanotaura kweGeneral Relativity nezvekurasikirwa kwesimba kuburikidza nemafungu egiravhiti. Izvi zvinopa humbowo hwakasimba husina kunanga hwekuti mafungu egiravhiti aripo. Pakuwanikwa uku, Hulse naTaylor vakagamuchira Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1993.
Kuwanikwa zvakananga: Kubonderana kweLIGO ne "hearing" buri dema
Pasinei neuchapupu husina kunanga, masayendisiti achiri kutsvaga nzira yekuona zvakananga: kubata mafungu egiravhiti paanopfuura nepanyika. Kuedza uku kunosangana nematambudziko makuru nekuti hupamhi hwemafungu hudiki kwazvo. Mhinduro ndeyekushandisa laser interferometer, mudziyo unogona kuyera shanduko diki diki dziri kure.
LIGO inoshanda sei?
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) ipurojekiti yakakura muUnited States ine zvivakwa zviviri zvikuru: chimwe muHanford, Washington, uye chimwe muLivingston, Louisiana. Chimwe nechimwe chine ruoko rweinterferometer rwakareba makiromita mana. Beam relaser rinokamurwa kuita matanda maviri anofamba achidzokera shure achitevedza maoko, obva abatanidzwazve. Kana wave regiravhiti richipfuura, rinochinja hurefu hunoshanda hwemaoko zvishoma, zvichigadzira patani yekupindira inoyerwa, yakachinjwa.
Kuva nezvioni zviviri munzvimbo dzakasiyana kwakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti chiratidzo chinoonekwa hachikonzerwi nekukanganiswa kwenzvimbo (senge kudengenyeka kwenyika kudiki, kudedera kwemotokari, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvakatipoteredza). Kana zvioni zvese zvikaona maitiro akafanana nenguva yakatarwa, chiratidzo chacho chingangove mafungu egiravhiti anobva muchadenga.
Kuonekwa kwekutanga: GW150914
Musi wa14 Gunyana, 2015, LIGO yakaona chiratidzo chakazotumidzwa zita rekuti GW150914. Chiratidzo ichi chakabva pakubatanidzwa kwemaburi maviri matema ane huremu hunosvika kagumi kupfuura hweZuva, zvichiitika makore anopfuura bhiriyoni echiedza kubva kuPasi. Chiitiko ichi chakaburitsa "chirp": kuwedzera nekukurumidza kwehuwandu uye amplitude zvakasvika pakakwirira sezvo maburi maviri matema akabatana, ndokuzodzikira.
Chiziviso chepamutemo chakaitwa muna Kukadzi 2016 uye chakabva changorumbidzwa sechiitiko chinokosha. Kuwanikwa uku hakuna kungoratidza zvakananga mafungu egiravhiti, asiwo kwakaratidza kuonekwa kwekutanga zvakananga kwehurongwa hwegomba dema rebinary.
Nekuda kwemabasa avo makuru kuLIGO, Mubairo weNobel weFizikisi wa2017 wakapihwa kuna Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish, naKip S. Thorne.
Sei kuwanikwa kwemafungu egiravhiti kuchikosha?
Kuonekwa kwemafungu egiravhiti kunowanzonzi kutanga kwenguva yekuongorora nyeredzi yemafungu egiravhiti. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei izvi zvichichinja-chinja:
1. Kuvhura "pfungwa" itsva dzekutarisa zvakasikwa
Zvinhu zvakawanda zvemuchadenga, zvakaita semaburi matema, hazvibudisi chiedza chinoonekwa zviri nyore. Mafungu egiravhiti anotibvumira kudzidza zvinhu izvi zvakananga kuburikidza nemigumisiro yazvo pakufamba kwenguva.
2. Kuedza hukama hwese mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara
Kubatana kwegomba dema kunosanganisira simba guru renyika rinokwevera pasi uye kumhanya kwakanyanya. Irabhoritari yechisikigo yekuedza dzidziso dzaEinstein mumamiriro ezvinhu akaomarara akaoma kutevedzera pasi pano.
3. Nzwisisa mavambo ezvinhu zvinorema
Kubatana kwenyeredzi dzemaNeutron kwakaratidzwa kuti kwakabatana nekuumbwa kwezvinhu zvinorema kuburikidza ne r-process (kukurumidza kubatwa kweneutron). Izvi zvinobatsira kupindura mubvunzo wekuti: zvinhu zvinorema zvinobva kupi? mavambo egoridhe neplatinum muchadenga?
4. Kugadzira mepu yehuwandu hwemaburi matema nenyeredzi dzemanyutron
Nekuongororwa kwakawanda, masayendisiti anogona kuyera kupararira kwehuwandu, mwero wekubatana, uye nhoroondo yekuumbwa kwezvinhu izvi zvidiki.
Penutup
Mafungu egiravhiti inguva yekufamba kwenguva yakafanotaurwa naEinstein makore anopfuura zana apfuura uye pakupedzisira yakasimbiswa kuburikidza neuchapupu husina kunanga mu binary pulsars uye kuongororwa zvakananga neLIGO muna 2015. Kuwanikwa uku hakusi kubudirira kwetekinoroji chete, asi shanduko munzira iyo vanhu vanoona cosmos: ikozvino tinogona "kuteerera" kune zvakasikwa, kwete kungozviona chete. Sezvo michina mitsva yekuongorora uye kushanda pamwe chete pasi rose (senge Virgo muEurope, KAGRA muJapan, uye LISA yakarongwa muchadenga) ichikura, ramangwana renyeredzi yegiravhiti rinotarisirwa kuwedzera kupfuma, zvichitiswededza pedyo nemhinduro dzezvakavanzika zvikuru zvemuchadenga.
