Dzidziso yevakadzi muzvidzidzo zveAnthropological
Dzidziso yevakadzi muzvidzidzo zvevanhu ipfungwa inokosha yekunzwisisa kuti hukama hwevanhukadzi hunoumbwa sei, hunochengetwa sei, uye hunokakavadzana sei mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Anthropology, sesainzi inodzidza vanhu netsika dzavo, yakapesvedzerwa zvakanyanya kubva pakutanga nemaonero evaongorori—ayo kwenguva yakati aidzorwa nemaonero evarume netsika dzemadzitateguru. Kubuda kwefeminism kwakazopa zvese zvishandiso zvekuongorora nekuongorora kuti vaongororezve pfungwa "dzechisikigo" dzevakadzi nevarume, kuburitsa kusaenzana kwesimba, uye kuwedzera kutarisisa kwekutsvagisa kune zvakaitika kuvakadzi nemapoka evanhukadzi akasiyiwa.
Kumashure: Kutsoropodzwa kweClassical Anthropology
Pakutanga kwekudzidza nezvevanhu, tsvakurudzo dzakawanda dzetsika dzevanhu dzakaratidza dzimwe nzanga kuburikidza nemapoka akasiyana-siyana. Mabasa evarume—akadai sehondo, zvematongerwo enyika, netsika dzeveruzhinji—aiwanzoonekwa seakakosha uye akakodzera kucherechedzwa. Panguva imwe chete, nzvimbo yemumba, uko basa revakadzi (kuchengetedza imba, kutarisira vana, kugadzirira chikafu, uye basa rekubereka) yaiwanzoonekwa senzvimbo yekumashure, kwete senzira huru inotsigira nzanga. Kuzvidzivirira kwevakadzi kunopokana nekuregeredzwa uku: kana hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu hwakagadzirwa nekupatsanurwa kwehukama hwevashandi nesimba, sei basa remumba nekuberekwa kwevanhu zvichionekwa sezvisina basa?
Kutsoropodzwa kwevakadzi kunoratidzawo kuti pfungwa dzevanhu vose dzakadai sekuti "vakadzi vanyoro zvechisikigo" kana kuti "varume vane simba zvechisikigo" dzinowanzo pinda sei munyaya dzekutsvagisa. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, "zvisikwa" zvinoshandiswa kusimbisa kusaenzana. Anthropology yevakadzi inopesana nepfungwa idzi nekuratidza kusiyana kukuru kwetsika: dzimwe nzanga dzinoisa vakadzi munzvimbo dzine simba muhupfumi, hutungamiriri hwetsika, kana kuita sarudzo, kunyange hazvo mafomu adzo achisiyana.
Mafungu Ekufunga: Kubva Pakudzidza Kwevakadzi Kuenda Pakudzidza Kwevakadzi Nevakadzi
Kazhinji, dzidziso yevakadzi muvanhu yakashanduka kubva pakudzidza vakadzi kuenda pakudzidza hukama hwepabonde. Pakutanga, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakaedza "kudzosa" vakadzi mukudzidza nezvetsika dzevanhu - vachinyora zvakaitika kuvakadzi, basa, neruzivo rwavo. Mibvunzo yakaita seyi: vakadzi vanobatsira sei muhupfumi hwemhuri? Vanovaka sei masocial network? Ndezvipi zvinorehwa nekuroorana, pamuviri, uye kurera vana mutsika dzakapihwa?
Nekufamba kwenguva, chinangwa chekudzidza chakawedzera. Kurongeka kwevakadzi hakungonzwisiswi sehunhu hwemukadzi chete, asi senzira yemagariro inotonga mabasa, tsika, tsika, uye mukana wekuwana zviwanikwa zvevanhu vese. Maitiro ekurongeka kwevakadzi anoongororawo kuti kuva murume kunogadzirwa sei uye kuti kurongeka kwevakadzi kunobatanidzwa sei nekirasi, dzinza, chitendero, zera, uye chinzvimbo chezvematongerwo enyika. Nenzira iyi, dzidzo yevakadzi haingo "wedzere vakadzi" mukutsvagurudza asi inoongororazve dhizaini yese yedzidziso nenzira mudzidzo yevanhu.
Pfungwa Huru: Utungamiriri hweVanakomana, Simba, uye Kuvaka Munharaunda
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinopihwa nedzidziso yevakadzi kunzwisisa hutongi hwevarume senzira yehukama hwesimba inoisa varume (kana mamwe maitiro evarume) pakati pesimba. Zvisinei, dzidziso yevakadzi haigaro tsanangura hutongi hwevarume nenzira yakafanana. Mune dzimwe nzanga, kutonga kunogona kuonekwa mumitemo yenhaka, muridzi wevhu, kana mukana wekuwana dzidzo. Mune dzimwe, kutonga kunozviratidza kuburikidza nemitemo yekodzero, zvirambidzo pakufamba, kana kutonga kwemuviri uye zvepabonde. Nokudaro, dzidziso yevakadzi inosimbisa kuti hutongi hwevarume hunofanira kunzwisiswa maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu: mafomu ahwo anogona kusiyana zvakanyanya, achishanda zvishoma nezvishoma uye pachena.
Dzidziso yevakadzi inosimbisawo kuti murume kana mukadzi ipfungwa yemagariro evanhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuva "mukadzi" kana "murume" hakungotemerwi nehupenyu hwevanhu chete, asi kunoumbwa kuburikidza netsika: mutauro, tsika, dzidzo, kupatsanurwa kwebasa, uye kumiririrwa kwenhau. Anthropology inosimbisa nharo iyi nekuratidza kusiyana kwetsika dzevakadzi munharaunda dzese—kusanganisira kuvapo kwehunhu hwevakadzi husina kuenzana mune dzimwe tsika. Nenzira iyi, dzidziso yevakadzi inovhura nzvimbo yekuona murume kana mukadzi sechinhu chinogona kutaurwa, kwete semugumo wakatarwa.
Muviri, Kubereka, uye Zvematongerwo Enyika Zvehupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva
Muzvidzidzo zvevanhu, muviri hausi chinhu chehupenyu chete, asiwo inzvimbo ine revo nesimba. Dzidziso yevakadzi inobatsira kuongorora kuti miviri yevakadzi inowanzova sei nzvimbo dzekutonga munharaunda: mitemo yekupfeka, zvinodiwa zvekuchena, mwero wekunaka, uye mitemo yekubereka. Anthropology yevakadzi inoongorora kuti maitiro akadai sekuenda kumwedzi, pamuviri, kubereka, uye kuyamwisa anonzwisiswa sei mutsika, uye kuti kunzwisisa uku kunopesvedzera sei nzvimbo dzevakadzi munharaunda.
Munzvimbo zhinji, sarudzo dzekubereka dzakabatana zvakanyanya nehupfumi, chitendero, uye mutemo wenyika. Zvirongwa zvekuronga mhuri, kuwana nzira dzekudzivirira pamuviri, kana kupomerwa mhosva yekubvisa pamuviri, semuenzaniso, hazvisi nyaya dzehutano chete, asiwo nyaya dzekodzero, tsika, uye simba. Apa ndipo panoratidza kuti "zvematongerwo enyika" hazvingoitiki muparamende kana munzvimbo dzepamutemo chete, asiwo muzviitiko zvezuva nezuva: mumakiriniki, mudzimba, munzvimbo dzebasa, uye kunyangwe muhurukuro dzemhuri.
Basa reVakadzi neHupfumi: Kubva Mudzimba Kuenda Pasirose
Dzidziso yevakadzi muzvidzidzo zvevanhu inowedzerawo kunzwisisa kwatinoita basa. Basa repamba nebasa rekutarisira vanhu ndiro hwaro hwehupfumi, asi kazhinji harisi basa "rinobereka" nekuti haribhadharwi nguva dzose. Dzidziso yevakadzi inotsoropodza kupatsanurwa kwakakomba pakati pebasa reveruzhinji (kugadzira, misika) nenzvimbo yemumba (kubereka vanhu). Muchokwadi, zviviri izvi zvinodyidzana: basa harigone "kuwanikwa" pasina kutarisirwa, chikafu, uye kugadziriswa kwemhuri.
Munguva yekudyidzana kwenyika, zvidzidzo zvevakadzi zvinotarisawo pakutama kwevashandi vechikadzi—semuenzaniso, vashandi vemumba, vanamukoti, kana vashandi vemafekitori—uye kukanganisa kwazvinoita mhuri nenharaunda dzavakaberekerwa. Nyaya dzakadai se "cheni dzekutarisira pasi rose" dzinoratidza kuti kutarisirwa kunogona kufamba sei kupfuura miganhu: mukadzi anotarisira mwana wemushandirwi wake muguta guru kana kunze kwenyika, nepo mwana wake achitarisirwa nehama dziri mumusha make. Anthropology inobatsira kuburitsa pachena manzwiro, hupfumi, uye tsika zvinosanganisirwa mukuita uku.
Maitiro eVakadzi: Maitiro eKudzokorora uye Maitiro Ekutsvagisa
Munyaya yemaitiro, rusununguko rwevakadzi runosimbisa kufungisisa: vaongorori vanofanirwa kuziva chinzvimbo chavo munharaunda - murume kana mukadzi, kirasi, dzidzo, uye hukama hwesimba nevatori vechikamu. Mibvunzo yakaita sekuti "ndiani anotaura?" uye "ndiani anomiririrwa?" inova yakakosha. Dzidzo yevakadzi inokurudzira kutsvakurudza kwakawanda, kwakanyatsojeka, uye kwetsika, kusanganisira panyaya dzakakosha dzakadai semhirizhonga yakavakirwa pavanhukadzi, kushungurudzwa, kana zviitiko zvekutambudzika.
Maitiro ekutsigira kodzero dzevakadzi anotsoropodzawo tsika ye "kutora nyaya" kubva kunharaunda pasina kupa chero pundutso. Nokudaro, vaongorori vazhinji vekodzero dzevakadzi vanoedza kushanda pamwe chete: kuvaka nzvimbo dzekukurukurirana, kuisa pamberi zvinodiwa nevatori vechikamu, uye kufunga nezvemhedzisiro yezviwanikwa zvetsvagurudzo pamitemo yeruzhinji kana mafambiro emagariro evanhu.
Kubatana kweVarume neVakadzi: Murume neMukadzi Havamboregi Kumira Vega
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha mudzidziso yemazuva ano yevakadzi ndeyekubatana, pfungwa yekuti zviitiko zvekusaruramisira zvinoumbwa nekusangana kwezvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana uye maumbirwo emagariro evanhu - murume kana mukadzi, rudzi/dzinza, boka, chitendero, kuremara, kuda zvepabonde, nezvimwewo. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, kubatana kunobatsira zvikuru mukudzivisa kutaura nezve "zviitiko zvevakadzi" sekunge zvakafanana. Vakadzi vepakati-kati vemumaguta vanosangana nematambudziko akasiyana nemadzimai evashandi, vakadzi vemo, kana vakadzi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.
Kubatana kwemapoka kunotibatsirawo kunzwisisa kuti mamwe maitiro kana tsika dzinogona sei kuva nemigumisiro isina kuenzana. Semuenzaniso, mitemo yetsika pamusoro pe "kuzvibata" inogona kudzvinyirira vakadzi vose, asi migumisiro yayo inogona kutonyanya kuipa kune avo vakatosiyiwa muhupfumi kana dzinza.
Penutup
Dzidziso yevakadzi muzvidzidzo zvevanhu inopa nzira yakakwana, inotsoropodza, uye isina kuenzana yekuona vanhu. Inochinja pfungwa kubva kunyaya huru, dzevarume kuenda kuzviitiko zvezuva nezuva, zvinowanzo shomekerwa, ukuwo ichiburitsa pachena mashandiro anoita simba mumuviri, basa, mhuri, uye masangano. Dzidziso yevakadzi inodzidzisa kuti murume kana mukadzi haisi chikamu chehupenyu chete kana kupatsanurwa kwemabasa, asi kuti ihurongwa hwevanhu hunogara huchikurukurwa mukati menhoroondo, hupfumi, uye tsika.
Nemaitiro aya, anthropology haisi sainzi "inotsanangura" tsika chete, asiwo chishandiso chekuongorora chekunzwisisa kusaruramisira uye kuvhura mukana wekushanduka kwevanhu. Pakati pekuchinja kwenyika - kutama kwevanhu, tekinoroji, matambudziko ehupfumi, uye mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika - dzidziso yevakadzi inoramba yakakosha pakunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanovaka sei hupenyu, zvinoreva, uye hukama hwesimba munzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzisina kumbobvira dzafanana zvachose.
