Zvidzidzo zveAnthropological paChikafu neKushandiswa
Chikafu chinopfuura kungodiwa nehupenyu kuti munhu ararame. Muzvidzidzo zvevanhu, chikafu chinonzwisiswa sechinhu chine revo yakawanda: chinoumba hunhu, chinoratidza kusiyana kwezvinzvimbo, chinodzora hukama hwemasimba, uye chinosunga nharaunda. Nzira iyo vanhu vanosarudza, vanogadzirira, vanopa, uye vanodya chikafu pamwe chete inoumba "mutauro" unotaura tsika dzeboka, tsika, uye nhoroondo. Nokudaro, kudzidza nezvechikafu nekudya kunopa mukana wakasimba wekunzwisisa nzanga.
Chikafu senzira yetsika
Anthropology inoona chikafu sechikamu chetsika. Chinonzi "chinonaka," "chakakodzera," "chisiri pamutemo," "chine hutano," kana "chinosemesa" hachisi chisarudzo chemunhu mumwe chete, asi chinoumbwa netsika dzevanhu pamwe chete uye maitiro ekushamwaridzana. Kubva paudiki, vanhu vanodzidza kuravira kuburikidza nemhuri, nharaunda, uye masangano evanhu. Pane imwe nzvimbo, zvipembenene zvinoonekwa sechikafu chinovaka muviri; pane imwe, zvinoonekwa sezvisingabvumirwi. Kusiyana uku kunoratidza kuti kuravira nezvaunofarira hazvisi zvechisikigo—izvo zvibereko zvenhoroondo, ecology, chitendero, hupfumi, uye kudyidzana pakati pemapoka.
Semuenzaniso, muIndonesia, tsika yekudya nemaoko ako, kushandisa muto wechili, uye kutonga kwemupunga sechikafu chikuru hazvisi zvinhu zvinongoshanda chete, asi zvine chekuita netsika dzakagara nhaka, mamiriro ekurima, uye kuumbwa kwehunhu hwekuti "wadya kana wadya mupunga." Muchirevo ichi, chikafu chinova chiratidzo chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Kupatsanura, mitemo yekurambidza, uye mitemo yekushandisa
Imwe pfungwa huru yezvidzidzo zvevanhu ndeyekuti mapoka evanhu anoronga sei chikafu. Kupatsanura uku kunowanzoita sezvikamu zvakaita sehalal (zvinobvumirwa) uye haram (zvinorambidzwa), inopisa (inopisa uye inotonhora), yakachena (isina kuchena), kana kuti "chikafu chevapfumi" uye "chikafu chevarombo." Mapoka mazhinji ane mitemo yakasimba pamusoro pekudya: kuti munhu angadya riini, ndiani, ndeapi mapoka emhuka anogona kudyiwa, kana kuti ndiani ane kodzero yekuwana chikamu chakati.
Zvikanganiso zvekudya zvinowanzoenderana nezvitendero, hutano, kana zviratidzo. Semuenzaniso, zvikanganiso zvevakadzi vane pamuviri zvinowanzonzwisiswa senzira yekuti nharaunda dzigadzirise njodzi dzepamuviri kuburikidza neruzivo rwemunharaunda. Anthropology haikurumidzi kutonga kana vakarurama kana kuti vasina kururama mune zvehutano, asi inoongorora mashandiro avo munharaunda: kana zvikanganiso zvichisimbisa kubatana kwemhuri, kusimbisa kudzora magariro evanhu, kana kudzora kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa.
Mitemo yekudya inogonawo kuratidza mamiriro emagariro evanhu . Mune dzimwe nguva, vaenzi vanokudzwa nekudya zvakanakisisa, kana kuti vakuru vanopihwa nzvimbo yekutanga sechiratidzo cheruremekedzo. Kudya pamwe chete hakusi kungogovana chikafu, asiwo kusimbisa hutongi nehukama hwepedyo.
Chikafu, kuzivikanwa uye ndangariro yeboka
Chikafu chakabatana zvikuru nekuzivikanwa. Munhu anogona kuratidza kwaakabva kuburikidza nedzimwe ndiro: rendang, pempek, papeda, kana gudeg, semuenzaniso, zvinowanzotsanangurwa sezviratidzo zvenzvimbo nerudzi. Panyaya yemunhu, chikafu chinochengeta ndangariro: kunhuhwirira kwekubika kumba kunogona kumutsa ndangariro dzemhuri, dzekumusha, kana nguva dzetsika. Nokudaro, vanhu pavanotama, vanowanzotsvaga kugadzira chikafu chavo chekumba senzira yekuchengetedza kuzivikanwa kwavo munzvimbo yavo itsva.
Munharaunda dzevanhu vari kunze kwenyika, chikafu chinova nzira yekutaurirana nezvekuzivikanwa: mabikirwo anogadziriswa kuti aenderane nekuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa, tsika dzemuno, kana zvinofarirwa nevechidiki. Maitiro e "kusanganisa" tsika anoitika—chikafu chinoita sechinyakare chinoguma nekusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakawanda.
Kugadzira, kugoverwa, uye hukama hwesimba
Kudzidza nezvechikafu hakugumiri pakudya kwemanheru; kunobatawo nezvekugadzirwa nekugoverwa kwezvekudya. Economic anthropology inoongorora kuti kuwana chikafu kwakabatana sei nekirasi, muridzi wevhu, mitemo yenyika, misika, nemakambani. Mutengo wezvekudya zvechinyakare, masisitimu ekupinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika, uye mamonopolies ekugovera zvinogona kusarudza kuti ndezvipi zviripo uye zvinokwanisika kune veruzhinji.
Hukama hwemasimba hunoonekwawo munyaya dze "chikafu chine hutano" kana "chikafu chemazuva ano." Kana mimwe mitemo yezvekudya ichikurudzirwa kuburikidza nemishandirapamwe mikuru, kusawirirana kunowanzomuka pakati peruzivo rwemuno neruzivo rwesainzi rwakarongwa. Nyanzvi yezvetsika dzevanhu inobvunza kuti: ndiani anobatsirwa nedzimwe hurukuro? Ndezvipi zvigadzirwa zvinotengeswa? Ndeapi mapoka anoonekwa se "asina tsika" nekuda kwetsika dzavo dzakasiyana dzekudya?
Kushandiswa, chinzvimbo, uye mararamiro
Chikafu chiratidzo chenzvimbo. Maresitorendi akanaka, kofi yakasarudzika, kudya kwakasiyana, kana zvinhu zvinotengwa kunze kwenyika zvinogona kuratidza vanhu vepakati nepakati muguta. Kudya hakusi kwekungodiwa chete, asiwo nezvemufananidzo. Munzvimbo dzemaguta, vanhu vanoisa mapikicha ezvekudya pasocial media kwete kungogovana chete asi kuratidza zvavanoda, masocial network, uye mararamiro avo. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoona tsika iyi senzira ye "kuzvipa pachena" uye kugadzirwa kwezvazvinoreva munharaunda dzevatengi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, chikafu chemumugwagwa chakachipa chinowanzopa mukana wekudyidzana nevanhu vemapoka akasiyana, asi chinogonawo kunzi "hachina hutsanana." Kusawirirana pakati pe "chakachipa uye chinokwanisika" uye "chakachena uye chemazuva ano" kunoratidza kuti mwero wehutsanana netsika dzakanaka zvinowanzobatanidzwa sei neboka revanhu.
Mitambo, mhemberero uye kubatana kwevanhu
Mutsika dzakawanda, chikafu chinowanikwa mumitambo yekutenda, mabiko, michato, mariro, uye mhemberero dzechitendero. Chikafu chinoshanda senzira yekutaurirana nevatsvene uye senzira yekusimbisa kubatana. Kupa, kugamuchira, uye kugovana chikafu zvinogadzira network yezvisungo zvemagariro. Semuenzaniso, tsika yekugovana chikafu pamazororo akakosha inosimbisa tsika yekubatana nekutarisirana.
Anthropology inosimbisa kuti kubika kwetsika kunosanganisirawo kupatsanurwa kwebasa kunoratidza kurongeka kwevanhu. Ndiani anobika? Ndiani anouraya? Ndiani anoshumira? Mabasa ekuti murume kana mukadzi, zera, uye simba anoonekwa pano. Kicheni inogona kuva nzvimbo yekugadzira tsika: mabikirwo anopfuudzwa pasi, tsika dzinodzidziswa, uye hunhu hunoumbwa.
Kufambira mberi kwepasi rose, maindasitiri ezvekudya, uye kuchinja kwezvinodiwa
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunokurumidza kusangana kwetsika dzezvekudya. Maketani ezvekudya zvinokurumidza, zvigadzirwa zvinokurumidza, uye masisitimu emazuva ano ekufambisa zvinhu anokanganisa maitiro ekushandisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. Shanduko iyi inowanzonzwisiswa se "yemazuva ano," asi nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoiona seyakaoma: kuramba, kugadzirisa, uye kugadzira. Zvekudya zvinokurumidza zvinogamuchirwa nekuda kwekureruka kwazvo, asi zvinowanikwawo munzvimbo dzakasiyana kuburikidza nemamenyu akagadzirirwa zvinodiwa munharaunda.
Kubudirira kwezvekudya kunounza mimwe migumisiro: kuenderana kwekuravira, kuvimba nezvimwe zvinhu, uye matambudziko ehutano akadai sekufutisa uye chirwere chemetabolism. Nyanzvi yezvekurapa inodzidza kuti nzanga dzinotsanangura sei chirwere, kudya, uye muviri mukati metsika. Kusawirirana pakati pe "chikafu chechinyakare" ne "chikafu chemazuva ano" kazhinji hakusi kwekudya chete, asi nezvetsika, kuzvidzora, uye tsika dzemhuri.
Hunhu, kuchengetedzeka uye ramangwana rekushandiswa kwemari
Nyaya dzetsika dziri kuramba dzichikosha muzvidzidzo zvekudya: kugara zvakanaka kwemhuka, kukanganiswa kwekabhoni, marara echikafu, uye kuenzana kwevarimi nevashandi vekutengesa zvinhu. Hunzvero hwezvakatipoteredza hunoratidza kuti dambudziko remamiriro ekunze nekushanduka kwezvakatipoteredza zvinokanganisa sei maitiro ezvekudya. Sezvo zviwanikwa zvichiderera, nharaunda dzinogadzira nzira dzekugadzirisa: kusiyanisa chikafu, kurima munharaunda, kana kufamba kwe "kudzokera kuzvikafu zvechinyakare".
Zvisinei, kuedza kuchengetedza hupenyu kunofanirawo kutarisisa mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda. Kukurudzira mamwe maitiro ekudya pasina kufunga nezvekuwana mukana wehupfumi kunogona kuwedzera kusaenzana. Nokudaro, dzidzo yevanhu inosimbisa kukosha kwekunzwisisa tsika dzekudya setsika dzakagara dzichibva mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo, kwete kungofarira munhu.
Penutup
Chidzidzo chezvekudya nevanhu chinoratidza kuti kudya chinhu chinoenderana netsika nezvematongerwo enyika. Kubva mukicheni yekumba kusvika kumusika wepasi rose, chikafu chinotaura nyaya dzekuzivikanwa, simba, kubatana, uye shanduko munharaunda. Nekudzidza zvinodyiwa, kuti zvinogadzirwa sei, uye kuti zvinokurukurwa sei, dzidzo yevanhu inotibatsira kunzwisisa nzanga zvizere. Pakupedzisira, chikafu chinotiyeuchidza kuti zvinodiwa nevanhu zvinogara zvichizadzikiswa kuburikidza netsika—uye imomo mune hupfumi hwezvazvinoreva.
