Anthropology yezvekurapa uye nzira dzakazara dzehutano
Hutano hunowanzonzwisiswa senyaya yehupenyu: muviri unorwara, chikonzero chinotsvakwa, uye mushonga unonyorwa. Zvisinei, muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, ruzivo rwehutano nehurwere harumbofi rwakaparadzaniswa. Runopesvedzerwa nematsananguriro anoita vanhu zviratidzo, tsika dzekudya, hukama hwemhuri, mamiriro ehupfumi, kumanikidzwa kwebasa, mukana wekuwana masevhisi, zvitendero zvechitendero, uye kunyange tsika dzetsika maererano nemuviri nechirwere. Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha dzidzo yezvekurapa—munda unotibatsira kuona hutano sechinhu chinowanikwa panguva imwe chete chehupenyu, magariro evanhu, tsika, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Kuburikidza nepfungwa iyi, nzira yakakwana yehutano haisi kungotaura chete, asi chinhu chinodiwa kuti munhu wese anzwisise.
Chii chinonzi medical anthropology?
Dzidzo yevanhu vezvekurapa ibazi redzidzo yevanhu rinoongorora maonero anoita nzanga hutano, kurwara, kuporesa, uye masisitimu ehutano. Chidzidzo ichi chinosanganisira kuti nharaunda inopa sei zvinoreva "chirwere," kuti chirwere chinotsanangurwa sei uye chinorongwa sei, kuti ndiani anoonekwa seane mvumo yekurapa, uye kuti tsika dzekurapa dzine chekuita sei nehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu nesimba.
Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu inosiyanisawo mazwi akakosha akati wandei. Chirwere chinowanzoreva chirwere chemuviri chinoyerwa nekiriniki. Kurwara kunoreva chiitiko chemunhu chekunzwa kusanzwa zvakanaka, kusanganisira kutya, rusarura, uye kukanganisa magariro evanhu. Kurwara, kune rumwe rutivi, kunowanzonzwisiswa senzvimbo yemagariro evanhu kana munhu achizivikanwa se "anorwara" nenzvimbo yaanogara, kusanganisira mhedzisiro yemabasa emagariro evanhu—semuenzaniso, kubvumirwa kushaya basa kana kunzi haana simba.
Nekusiyanisa zvikamu zvitatu izvi, ongororo yezvekurapa inosimbisa kuti kuongororwa kwechirwere chega hakukwani nguva dzose kutsanangura chokwadi. Vanhu vaviri vane chirwere chimwe chete vanogona kusangana nematambudziko akasiyana zvichienderana nerutsigiro rwemhuri, mamiriro ehupfumi, kana rusarura munharaunda dzavo.
Sei nzira yakakwana ichidikanwa?
Nzira yekuona hutano semhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwezvinhu zvakawanda: zvemuviri, zvepfungwa, zvemagariro, zvetsika, zvemweya, uye zvezvakatipoteredza. Kazhinji, kupindira kwehunyanzvi hwekurapa kunogona kukundikana kana vakasateerera zvinhu izvi. Semuenzaniso, murwere ane BP anogona kupihwa mishonga inoshanda, asi kushushikana muhupenyu, kudya kwemhuri, maawa ekushanda kwenguva refu, uye kuwana chikafu chinodhura chine hutano zvinogona kukonzera kusadzora BP zvakanaka.
Maitiro akazara hazvirevi kuramba biomedicine. Asi, anotikurudzira kuwedzera biomedicine nekunzwisisa mamiriro ehupenyu hwemurwere. Muchokwadi, izvi zvinoreva kuti nyanzvi dzehutano dzinofanira kufunga nezvekutaurirana, hukama hwemhuri nemurwere, mamiriro ekushanda, tsika dzekudya, uye zvitendero zvinopesvedzera sarudzo dzekurapa.
Tsika dzinopesvedzera tsananguro yehutano nechirwere
Tsika imwe neimwe ine nzira yayo yekutsanangura zvinokonzera kurwara. Vamwe vanosimbisa kusawirirana kunopisa, vamwe vanobatanidza kurwara nekusagadzikana kwemweya, uye vamwe vanokutsanangura semhedzisiro yekushushikana kwevanhu kana kusawirirana kwemhuri. Tsananguro idzi hadzisi "zvitendero" chete, asi asi hurongwa hunobatsira vanhu kuita sarudzo: nguva yekuona chiremba, nguva yekuzorora zvakakwana, nguva yekutsvaga mishonga yechivanhu , kana nguva yekutsvaga rubatsiro kubva kuvatungamiriri vezvitendero.
Semuenzaniso, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvichemo zvakaita se "masuk angin" (chikosoro) zvinonzwisiswa sezvirwere chaizvo zvinoda kurapwa nekapu, masaji, kana zvinwiwa zvinodziya. Kubva pamaonero ezvevanhu vezvekurapa , chinhu chakakosha hakusi kutaurirana nezvemazwi acho, asi kunzwisisa kuti sei tsika idzi dzichitendwa, kuti dzinokanganisa sei maitiro ekutsvaga hutano, uye kuti nyanzvi dzehutano dzinogona sei kutaurirana pasina kuzvidza ruzivo rwemurwere.
Masisitimu ekurapa akawanda: echinyakare, emazuva ano, uye mamwe maitiro
Munyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira Indonesia, nzanga inogara mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana ekurapa: mishonga yekurapa (vanachiremba, zvipatara) inodyidzana nemishonga yechivanhu (mishonga yemishonga yemishonga, masaji, vabatsiri vekusununguka), uye dzimwe nzira dzekurapa dzinobatsira (kubaya, kunwa makapu, kufungisisa). Vanhu vazhinji vanosanganisa maitiro aya nenzira inoshanda: kana vaine fivha shoma, vanoedza mishonga isingatengeswi nechiremba, kana vaine zvichemo zvisingaperi, vanotsvaga mishonga yechivanhu, uye kana zviratidzo zvikawedzera.
Dzidzo yezvevanhu inobatsira kutsanangura kuti sarudzo idzi dzinowanzo kuve nemusoro mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzezvehupfumi. Kusvika kunzvimbo dzehutano kunogona kuva kure, kunodhura zvakanyanya, maawa ebasa mashoma, kana ruzivo rwekare munzvimbo dzehutano rusina kunaka. Panguva imwecheteyo, varapi vechivanhu vanowanzo svikika nyore nyore, vanopa mazano akareba, uye vanoshandisa mutauro wavanoziva. Kutaurirana uku kunokanganisa kutevedzera mitemo uye kubudirira kwekurapa.
Zvinhu zvinokonzera hutano munharaunda: urombo, basa, uye kusaenzana
Hutano haisi nyaya yesarudzo yemunhu asi inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nezvinhu zvakaita semaumbirwo emuviri. Dzidzo yezvevanhu nezvekurapa inotarisa pane zvinokonzeresa hutano munharaunda: dzidzo, mari inowanikwa, pekugara, mhando yezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedzeka kwebasa, uye kunyange mitemo yeruzhinji.
Semuenzaniso, zvirwere zvekufema zvinogona kuwedzera kwete nekuda kwekusaziva kwemunhu mumwe nemumwe, asi nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo, dzimba dzakazara, uye mabasa ane njodzi pasina dziviriro yakakwana. Saizvozvowo, kushaya chikafu zvinovaka muviri hakusi nguva dzose kunokonzerwa ne "kusava nehanya kwevabereki," asi nekuda kwemitengo yechikafu, kugoverwa kwerubatsiro rwakaenzana, kana kushomeka kwekuwana mvura yakachena. Nzira yakazara inoda kugadzirisa zvikonzero zvematambudziko aya kuitira kuti kupindira kusapomera mhosva kune vanobatwa.
Kusarura uye ruzivo rwemurwere
Zvirwere zvakawanda zvine rusarura: HIV/AIDS, chirwere chepfungwa, TB, maperembudzi, uye kunyange kusabereka. Rusarura runogona kudzivirira vanhu kutsvaga rubatsiro, kukonzera varwere kuvanza chirwere chavo, kana kurega kurapwa. Nyanzvi dzezvekurapa dzinoongorora kuti rusarura runoumbwa sei kuburikidza nenyaya dzetsika—semuenzaniso, chirwere chinoonekwa semhedzisiro yehunhu "hwakaipa"—uye kuti rusarura irworwo runoshanda sei mumhuri, munzvimbo dzebasa, nenzvimbo dzehutano.
Nzira yakakwana inoda nzira dzekuderedza rusarura: dzidzo isina mhosva, kuchengetedza zvakavanzika, rutsigiro rwevamwe, uye kubatanidzwa kwevatungamiriri venharaunda. Kana nyaya dzepfungwa nemagariro evanhu dzikanyatsogadziriswa, kubudirira kwekurapwa kwechiremba kunowanzowedzera.
Kutaurirana kwekiriniki uye kunzwisisa tsika
Hukama pakati pachiremba nemurwere hunopfuura kungotaurirana ruzivo. Imusangano wenyika mbiri: nyika yezvekurapa ine mutauro wayo wehunyanzvi uye maitiro, uye nyika yevarwere ine ruzivo rwayo, zvinotarisirwa, uye dudziro. Dzidzo yezvevanhu yezvekurapa inosimbisa kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwetsika uye inotovandudza maonero ekuzvininipisa kwetsika, ayo ari kuda kwevashandi vezvehutano kuramba vachidzidza, kubvuma miganhu, uye kukurudzira kutaurirana kwakaenzana.
Mukuita izvi, izvi zvinogona kureva kubvunza kuti: “Unofunga kuti chii chiri kukonzera kunyunyuta uku?” kana kuti “Chii chaunonyanya kunetseka nacho?” Mibvunzo yakadaro iri nyore inobatsira mupi wehutano kunzwisisa modhi inotsanangura murwere, zvichiita kuti hurongwa hwekurapa huve hwechokwadi uye hunogamuchirwa.
Hutano sechiyero: muviri, pfungwa, hukama nenzvimbo yakakupoteredza
Maitiro ekuita zvinhu zvinoenderana nemaonero akawanda emunharaunda anoona hutano sekuenzanisa. Kuenzanisa uku kunosanganisira maitiro ekurara, kudya kunovaka muviri, manzwiro, hukama hwevanhu, uye kubatana kwevanhu nezvisikwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, kuenzana kunorevawo kugadzirisa kushushikana kwebasa, kuchengetedza ma network ekutsigirana, uye kugadzira nzvimbo yekugara ine hutano.
Saka, kupindira kwehutano kwakanangana chete nemishonga hakuwanzo kukwana. Zvirongwa zvehutano zveveruzhinji zvinoshanda zvinowanzobatanidza dzidzo, shanduko dzezvakatipoteredza, rutsigiro rwemagariro evanhu, uye mutemo. Semuenzaniso, kudzivirira chirwere cheshuga hakusi kungo "deredza shuga," asiwo kupa nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzekurovedza muviri, mukana wekuwana chikafu chine hutano chinodhura, uye kudzora kushambadzirwa kwechikafu chine shuga yakawanda kuvana.
Mipiro yeanthropology yezvekurapa muhurongwa hwehutano uye masevhisi
Dzidzo yezvevanhu yezvekurapa inobatsira kuburikidza nekutsvagisa kwetsika dzevanhu—kuongorora uye kubvunzurudza kwakadzama—kuti vanzwisise hupenyu hwevarwere nenharaunda. Mhedzisiro yacho inogona kushandiswa kugadzira masevhisi anopindura zviri nani: maawa ebasa anochinjika, nzira dzekutaurirana dzine tsitsi, mapurogiramu ehutano akavakirwa munharaunda, kana kubatanidzwa kwemabasa emunharaunda akachengeteka mumabasa epamutemo.
Pamusoro pezvo, dzidzo yezvevanhu munyaya dzezvekurapa inobatsira kuongorora mitemo yehutano: kana mapurogiramu achizadzisa zvinodiwa munharaunda, kuti ndiani anobatsirwa, kuti ndiani anosara, uye kuti hukama hwemasimba hunokanganisa sei kugoverwa kwemabasa. Saka, nzira yakazara inodarika munhu mumwe chete kusvika padanho rehurongwa hwehurongwa.
Penutup
Dzidzo yezvevanhu munyaya dzezvekurapa inotiyeuchidza kuti hutano chiitiko chakaoma chemunhu. Muviri unokosha, asi unogara wakabatanidzwa mutsika, hukama hwevanhu, hupfumi, uye marongero. Nokudaro, nzira yakazara haisi kungowedzera mushonga asi kuwedzera kwekunzwisisa nekurapa kwatinoita chirwere.
Kana nyanzvi dzezvehutano, vagadziri vemitemo, neveruzhinji vachiona hutano zvizere—tichibatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu netsika—tinowanzo kupa mabasa ane hunhu, anoshanda, uye akaenzana. Pakupedzisira, hutano hausi hwekungova nechirwere chete, asi kugona kurarama hupenyu hune chinangwa munzvimbo inotsigira.
