Hukama huripo pakati peMutauro neTsika kubva mumaonero evanhu
Muzvidzidzo zvevanhu, mutauro netsika zvinonzwisiswa sezvinhu zviviri zvakabatana uye zvisingaparadzaniswi. Mutauro hausi nzira yekutaurirana chete, asiwo inzira huru yekuvaka, kuchengetedza, uye kutumira tsika. Tsika, kune rumwe rutivi, inopa hurongwa hwezvinoreva mukati memutauro: kusarudza kuti vanhu vanosarudza sei mazwi, vanogadzira mitsara, vanoratidza manzwiro, uye kunyange kuona kuti chii chinoonekwa sechinoremekedzwa kana chisina hunhu mukudyidzana kwevanhu. Maonero evanhu anoisa mutauro sechikamu chetsika yemagariro evanhu, iyo kuvapo kwayo kunogara kwakabatana nemamiriro enhoroondo, simba, hunhu, uye shanduko munharaunda mukati menzanga.
Mutauro seSisitimu yeChiratidzo cheTsika
Anthropology inoona tsika sehurongwa hwezviratidzo—seti yezvirevo zvinobvumiranwa uye zvinoitwa nevanhu munharaunda. Mukati meiyi nzira, mutauro ndiyo hurongwa hwezviratidzo hwakaoma uye hunoshandiswa kakawanda muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kuburikidza nemutauro, vanhu vanotumidza zvinhu, zviitiko, manzwiro, hukama, uye pfungwa dzisinganzwisisike. Mazita aya haasi asina kwaakarerekera; anopesvedzerwa nemaonero anoita boka nyika.
Semuenzaniso, mazwi ehukama mumitauro yakasiyana anoratidza kuti nzanga dzinoronga sei hukama hwevanhu. ChiIndonesia chinosiyanisa pakati pe "sekuru" na "tete," nepo mimwe mitauro yemunzvimbo ine mazwi akasiyana evanababamukuru naamai, kana kusiyanisa zvichienderana nezera. Kusiyana uku mumashoko kunoratidza kukosha kwedzinza, chimiro chemhuri, uye tsika dzenzanga dziripo mutsika dzemuno.
Kuwirirana Kwemitauro: Maonero Emaumbirwo Emitauro
Imwe yenyaya dzinonyanya kukosha mukudzidza nezvevanhu nezvemutauro ndeyekuenzanisa mutauro, iyo ine chekuita nepfungwa yekuti chimiro chemutauro chinogona kukanganisa mafungiro evanhu uye maonero echokwadi. Pfungwa iyi inowanzo taurwa nezvayo naEdward Sapir naBenjamin Lee Whorf. Mune imwe shanduro iri pakati nepakati (iyo inogamuchirwa nevakawanda nhasi), mutauro hausi "unosarudzira" pfungwa zvachose, asi unowanzo "tungamira pfungwa" kana kuumba mamwe maitiro ekufunga.
Semuenzaniso, mimwe mitauro ine masisitimu ekutungamirira anonyanya kuvimba nekutarisa nzvimbo (kuchamhembe-kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva-kumadokero) pane kutaura "kuruboshwe-kurudyi." Vatauri vemitauro iyi vanowanzo dzidziswa kuziva zviri nani nzvimbo nekutungamira muchadenga. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutauro unokurudzira mamwe maitiro ekunzwisisa akabatana nemararamiro nenzvimbo yetsika yenharaunda iyoyo.
Mutauro seMuitiro Wemagariro Evanhu: Chimiro, Simba, uye Kuzivikanwa
Dzidziso yetsika dzevanhu yemazuva ano inosimbisa kuti mutauro unofanira kunzwisiswa senzira yemagariro evanhu, kwete nzira yegirama chete. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinoreva kutaura hazvingobvi pamashoko chete, asiwo kubva kuna ani ari kutaura, kuna ani, mumamiriro ezvinhu api, uye nechinangwa chipi. Apa ndipo panobatanidzwa mutauro zvakananga nehukama hwesimba nekuzivikanwa.
Kusarudzwa kwemutauro kana kusiyana kwemutauro kunogona kuratidza kirasi yevanhu, dzidzo, dunhu rawakabva, zera, uye kunyange pfungwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu echiIndonesia, kushandiswa kwemutauro wechiIndonesia kunowanzobatanidzwa nemasangano epamutemo akadai sezvikoro, mahofisi ehurumende, kana midhiya yenyika, nepo mhando dzisiri dzemhando yepamusoro nemitauro yedunhu zvichibuda zvakanyanya mumhuri, munharaunda, uye pamusika. Kuchinja uku mukusiyana kwemitauro hakusi nyaya yekutaurirana kwehunyanzvi chete, asi kunoratidza kutaurirana kwekuzivikanwa: kana mumwe munhu achizviratidza se "mugari wenyika," "nhengo yedzinza," "munhu wechidiki," kana "nyanzvi."
Munzvimbo dzakawanda, kugona kutaura mutauro wakasiyana-siyana kunogona kuvhura mukana wekuwana mikana yezvehupfumi nemagariro evanhu. Kusiyana neizvi, vatauri vemitauro mishoma kana mitauro yemuno dzimwe nguva vanobatwa nekushorwa—kunoonekwa sekusanyanya kujeka kana kusadzidza zvakanyanya. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoona mamiriro ezvinhu aya senzira yemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika, umo mutauro unova chinhu chinogona kubatsira kana kushaisa vamwe vanhu mukana.
Hunhu hwakanaka uye Tsika dzeMutauro
Mutauro unewo tsika dzine chekuita netsika dzakanaka, hutongi hwepamusoro, uye hunhu hwevanhu. Izvi zvinoonekwa mumaitiro ekukwazisana, kusarudzwa kwemashoko, uye maitiro ekutaura. Mutsika dzinosimbisa hutongi hwezera kana chinzvimbo, mutauro unowanzopa mhando dzeruremekedzo. Semuenzaniso, chiJavanese chinoziva mazinga ekutaura (ngoko, madya, krama), izvo zvinoda kuti vatauri vafunge nezvehukama hwevanhu vasati vataura.
Tsika dzetsika hadzisi dzemunhu wese; zvinoonekwa setsika dzakanaka mune imwe tsika zvinogona kusiyana nedzimwe. Dzimwe nzanga dzinokoshesa kutaura zvakananga sekutendeseka, nepo dzimwe dzichiona kutaura zvakananga sekusina hunhu. Saka, kunzwisisa mutauro zvinorevawo kunzwisisa tsika dzawo, kusanganisira kuti nzanga inogadzirisa sei kusawirirana, inopa kutsoropodza, kana kuratidza kusawirirana.
Mutauro, Tsika Dzekutaura, uye Nhaka Yetsika
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvinopihwa neanthropology kutarisisa kwayo tsika dzinotaurwa nemuromo: ngano, ngano, mantras, hurukuro dzetsika, nziyo, nhetembo, zvirevo, nedzimwe nzira dzekutaura munharaunda. Tsika dzinotaurwa nemuromo hadzisi dzekungovaraidza chete; inhoroondo yeruzivo rwevanhu vose. Kuburikidza nenyaya nekutaura kwakanangana, tsika, nhoroondo yemapoka, kosmology, nemitemo yemagariro evanhu zvinopfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa.
Munzvimbo zhinji, mitauro yemuno ine pfungwa dzetsika nemapoka akaoma kushandura nemazvo mumitauro mimwe. Kana mutauro uri munjodzi, haisi mashoko chete uye maumbirwo emitsara zvinorasika, asiwo nzira dzakasiyana dzekududzira zviitiko zvehupenyu. Nokudaro, mitauro inowanzobatanidzwa mukunyora mitauro uye kuedza kuvandudza magariro evanhu sechikamu chekuchengetedza nhaka yetsika.
Kutaurirana Mutauro, Kudyidzana Kwenyika Dzepasi Pose, uye Kuchinja Kwetsika
Hukama huripo pakati pemutauro netsika hunoonekwawo mukuchinja-chinja—kunyanya mumamiriro ekutaurirana kwemitauro kunokonzerwa nekutama, kutengeserana, kukoloni, dzidzo yemazuva ano, uye midhiya yedhijitari. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunotungamira kupararira kwemitauro inoonekwa seine kukosha kukuru kwehupfumi. Semuenzaniso, muIndonesia, Indonesian yave mutauro unobatanidza nyika, nepo Chirungu chiri kuramba chichikosha mudzidzo nenzvimbo dzebasa. Mhedzisiro yacho inogona kusanganisira mitauro miviri, kushandura makodhi, uye kubuda kwemaitiro matsva emitauro, kunyanya pakati pevechidiki uye munzvimbo dzesocial media.
Kuchinja kwemutauro kunowanzoenderana nekuchinja kwetsika: mumapfekero, mashandisirwo emari, zvinofarirwa nemimhanzi, uye hunhu hwezvizvarwa. Zvisinei, anthropology inotiyeuchidza kuti kuchinja hakurevi "kurasikirwa netsika dzemuno." Pane kudaro, nzanga dzinowanzogadzira mafomu akasanganiswa - nekugadzira zvinhu zvemuno nezvepasi rose. Kusanganisa makodhi, semuenzaniso, kunogona kuva nzira yekuratidza hunhu hwemarudzi ese uku uchiramba "wakabatana" nenharaunda yemuno.
Nzira dzeAnthropology mukudzidza Mutauro netsika
Anthropology ine nzira yakasiyana yekunzwisisa mutauro, kunyanya kuburikidza nekutarisa kwevatori vechikamu uye ethnography. Vaongorori havangounganidzi ruzivo rwemitauro muchimiro chemazita emazwi kana maumbirwo egirama chete, asiwo vanocherechedza mashandisirwo anoitwa mutauro mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo: kumba, pamusika, kuchikoro, pamitambo yechivanhu, pamisangano yemumusha, kana munzvimbo dzedhijitari.
Kuverenga madzinza evanhu kunoita kuti vaongorori vanzwisise zvinorehwa nekutaura zvisina kujeka, kusanganisira kusetsa, kuseka, madimikira, uye zviratidzo zvemuno. Uyezve, anthropology inoongorora "zviitiko zvekutaura" - zvakaita sehurukuro dzemuchato, kutaurirana kwekutengeserana, kana tsika dzechitendero - senzvimbo dzinosangana mutauro, manzwiro, simba, uye tsika dzetsika.
Mhedziso
Kubva pamaonero evanhu, hukama huripo pakati pemutauro netsika hunochinja-chinja uye hunochinja-chinja. Mutauro unoumba uye unotumira tsika kuburikidza nezviratidzo, mapoka ezvinoreva, uye maitiro ekutaurirana kwezuva nezuva. Tsika, panguva imwe chete, inopa mamiriro emagariro evanhu anosarudza kuti mutauro unoshandiswa sei: riini, naani, mumarudzi api, uye nechinangwa chipi. Kana nzanga dzichichinja nekuda kwekudyidzana kwenyika, kutama, kana tekinoroji, mutauro unochinja pamwe chete nazvo; zvisinei, shanduko yakadaro hairevi kudzikira; inogona zvakare kuvhura mukana wekugadzira tsika itsva.
Kunzwisisa mutauro zvinoreva kunzwisisa vanhu sevanhu vanogara mukati mehunhu, hunhu, uye nhoroondo. Nokudaro, kudzidza mutauro nevanhu hakungobatsiri chete paruzivo rwedzidzo asiwo kwakakosha pakuchengetedza kusiyana kwetsika, mutemo wedzidzo, uye kuedza kuvaka kutaurirana kwakaenzana uye kuremekedza kusiyana munharaunda iri kuwedzera kuwanda kwevanhu.
