Nzira dzekuongorora magwaro muzvidzidzo zvevanhu
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, "chinyorwa" hazvirevi nguva dzose kunyora nenzira yakamanikana. Zvinyorwa zvinogona kusanganisira zvinyorwa zvekoloni, manotsi emumunda, zvinyorwa zvekubvunzurudzwa, mabhuku matsvene, mashoko enziyo, zvinyorwa zvepasocial media, memes, uye kunyange hurukuro dzezuva nezuva dzakanyorwa. Kudzidza nezvevanhu kunoona zvinyorwa sezviratidzo zvinoburitswa, zvinoparadzirwa, zvinokakavadzana, uye zvinotauriranwa muhupenyu hwevanhu. Nokudaro, kuongorora zvinyorwa chishandiso chakakosha chekunzwisisa kuti nzanga inovaka sei hunhu, simba, tsika, uye ruzivo.
Kuongorora zvinyorwa mu anthropology kunovavarira kubatanidza mazwi nemamiriro ezvinhu: ndiani ari kutaura, kuna ani, mumamiriro ezvinhu api, kushandisa nzira ipi, uye mhedzisiro ipi yemagariro evanhu inobva mukutaura kana kunyora. Kusiyana nenzira dzinongoongorora "zviri mukati" zvechinyorwa, anthropology inowanzo bvunza maitiro ekugadzirwa kwechinyorwa, hukama hwesimba hunochiperekedza, uye kuti chinyorwa chinoshandiswa sei pakuita magariro evanhu.
1. Kuongorora Zviri Mukati
Kuongorora zviri mukati inzira inoratidza dingindira, mapoka, uye maitiro ekuwanikwa kwemashoko kana pfungwa mukati mezvinyorwa. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, kuongorora zviri mukati kunowanzo shandiswa kuratidza hunhu kana nyaya dzakati—semuenzaniso, kuti midhiya yemuno inoratidza sei vanhu vanotama, kuti magwaro ehurumende anoreva sei nezve "urombo," kana kuti nharaunda dzepaindaneti dzinokurukura sei nezvepabonde.
Maitiro aya anogona kuva ehuwandu (kuverenga ma frequency emazwi/dingindira) kana kuti emhando yepamusoro (kududzira zvikamu zvakadzama). Zvakanakira zvaro ndezvekuti rinobatsira vaongorori kugadzira mamepu edingindira akarongwa kubva kudata hombe. Zvisinei, dambudziko rayo injodzi yekuderedza zvinoreva kana mamiriro emagariro evanhu uye hunyanzvi hwemitauro zvikasatariswa. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, ongororo yezviri mukati inowanzo wedzerwa neruzivo rwetsika dzevanhu kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mapoka akagadzirwa anoenderana nekunzwisisa kunoita nharaunda dzemunharaunda mazwi acho.
2. Kuongorora Hurukuro
Kuongorora hurukuro kunoona mutauro setsika yemagariro evanhu inoumba chokwadi, kwete kungoratidza chete. Vaongorori vanoongorora kuti dzimwe hurukuro dzinova sei "dzinonzwisisika," dzakajairika, kana kuti dzinotonga, uye kuti dzimwe dzinosiyiwa sei. Muzvidzidzo zvezvematongerwo enyika zvevanhu nedzidzo dzebudiriro, semuenzaniso, kuongorora hurukuro kunoshandiswa kuongorora kuti mazwi akadai sekuti "simba," "mazuva ano," kana "radicalism" anogadzirwa sei mumagwaro emitemo nehurukuro, uye nokudaro anokanganisa zvirongwa zvemagariro evanhu nezvirongwa.
Kuongorora hurukuro kunotarisawo pane pfungwa dzenyaya: ndiani anoonekwa seane mvumo yekutaura, ndiani anoratidzwa se "dambudziko," uye kuti hukama hwemasimba hunoshanda sei kuburikidza nekusarudza mazwi, madimikira, uye marongerwo enharo. Nzira iyi inobatsira zvikuru pakutsvaga fungidziro dzakavanzwa kuseri kwemitauro yepamutemo neyevanhu vakawanda.
3. Kuongorora Nyaya
Vanhu vanonzwisisa nyika kuburikidza nenyaya: nyaya dzemavambo, zviitiko zveurwere, mafambiro ehupenyu, kana nyaya dzekubudirira nekukundikana. Kuongorora nyaya kunodzidza kuti nyaya dzakarongwa sei, nyaya dzinogadzirwa sei, vatambi vakaiswa sei, uye tsika dzakagadzirwa sei. Semuenzaniso, mune anthropology yezvekurapa, kuongorora nyaya kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti varwere vanodudzira sei chirwere chavo—kungave se "bvunzo," "kutukwa," kana "mhedzisiro yebasa" - izvo zvinozochinja sarudzo dzekurapa.
Nzira iyi inosimbisa chimiro nebasa renyaya, kwete chokwadi chete. Vaongorori vanobvunza kuti: ndeapi mapoka anosimbiswa, ndeapi mapoka anosiyiwa, manzwiro anovakwa sei, uye kuti nyaya yacho inogadzirisa sei tsika dzetsika. Mhedzisiro yacho inowanzo ratidza hukama huripo pakati pezvakaitika pamunhu nemagariro evanhu.
4. Kuongororwa kweSemiotics neZviratidzo
Semiotics inodzidza zviratidzo, zviratidzo, uye kuti zvinoreva zvinoumbwa sei kuburikidza nehukama huripo pakati pezviratidzo (mafomu) uye zviratidzo (pfungwa). Mukudzidza kwevanhu, nzira yekufananidzira inoona magwaro semambure ezviratidzo zvinoreva maitiro etsika uye cosmologies. Mienzaniso inosanganisira ongororo yezviratidzo mumashoko ekare, masirogani etsika, kana kukudzwa kunoratidza hunhu hwevanhu.
Mukuita, ongororo yesemiotic haingosanganisiri kungoverenga "zvinoreva" zviratidzo, asiwo kuongorora mashandiro anoita zviratidzo mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo: kuti zvinoshandiswa riini, ndiani, uye kuti vateereri vanopindura sei. Chiratidzo chimwe chete chinogona kuva nezvirevo zvakasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, saka vaongorori vanofanira kuenzanisa kushandiswa kwezviratidzo muzviitiko zvemagariro evanhu.
5. Hermeneutics uye Dudziro Yakadzama
Hermeneutics yakavakirwa papfungwa yekuti kunzwisisa rugwaro inzira yekududzira ine zvikamu zvakawanda. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoshandisa hermeneutics dzinoedza kupinda munyika yezvinoreva mutauri kana munyori, uku dzichiziva kuti muongorori ane ruzivo rwake. Nzira iyi yakakodzera magwaro akaomarara akadai semagwaro echitendero, ngano, kana mabhuku emuno, uko zvinoreva zvisiri pachena nguva dzose.
Simba rehermeneutics riri mukuverenga nekushingaira: kuteerera kusanzwisisika, kupokana, uye nhoroondo yekududzirwa kwechinyorwa. Zvisinei, hermeneutics inodawo mwero wepamusoro wekufungisisa kuitira kuti vaongorori vasa "kumanikidza" zvinoreva kubva kunze. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, hermeneutics inowanzobatanidzwa ne ethnography kuti iongorore kuti vanhu vanodudzira sei magwaro mumabasa ezuva nezuva.
6. Kuongorora Hurukuro uye Ethnography yeKutaurirana
Kana magwaro achinzwisiswa semanyorerwo ekutaurirana, saka ongororo yehurukuro uye ethnography yekutaurirana inova yakakosha. Ongororo yehurukuro inoongorora zvinhu zvidiki zvakaita sekupindurana, kumbomira, kuseka, kugadzirisa, uye nzira dzekugadzirisa. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza hukama hwevanhu, simba, hunhu hwakanaka, kana kutopesana kwakavanzika.
Kunyora mitauro yemitauro, kune rumwe rutivi, kunosimbisa mitemo yetsika yekutaura: nguva yekutaura zvakananga, nguva yekutaura zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, ndiani anogona kutsoropodza ani, uye kuti manyorerwo emutauro anoratidza sei mamiriro ezvinhu. Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, nzira iyi inobatsira kunzwisisa kuti "zvinoreva" hazvingori mumashoko chete, asiwo munzira, nguva, uye mamiriro ezvinhu anotaurwa.
7. Kuongorora Nhoroondo neZvakachengetedzwa
Zvinyorwa zvakachengetwa—mishumo yekoloni, mapepanhau ekare, zvinyorwa zvemamishinari, kana magwaro edare—zvinowanzo shanda senzvimbo dzekunzwisisa shanduko munharaunda. Kuongorora nhoroondo muanthropology kunoongorora zvinyorwa sezvibereko zvenguva yakati, zvine rusaruro, zvido, uye mapoka eruzivo rwakanangana nenguva iyoyo. Semuenzaniso, nzira dzekoloni dzekuisa mapoka emadzinza kana tsika dzinogona kuumba zvematongerwo enyika kusvika nhasi.
Maitiro aya anoda kutsoropodzwa kubva kunyanzvi: kubvunza kuti munyori wacho aive ani, kuti gwaro iri rakagadzirwa nechinangwa chei, kuti ndiani akasiyiwa muzvinyorwa, uye kuti mutauro wekutonga unoita sei "chokwadi" chinozoonekwa sechisina chekuita nepfungwa. Saka, zvinyorwa hazvisi kungochengetera chokwadi chete, asi nzvimbo dzesimba nekumiririrwa.
8. Maitiro eDigital: Kuongorora Rugwaro Runobatsira paKuverenga
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dziri kusangana neruzivo rwakakura rwemashoko: mashoko ezvemagariro evanhu, maforamu emunharaunda, kana nhau dzepaindaneti. Nzira dzekuverenga dzakadai sekugadzirisa misoro yenyaya, kuongorora manzwiro, kana network dzemashoko dzinogona kubatsira kuona maitiro akafanana. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinowanzo simbisa kuti mhedzisiro yekuverenga inofanirwa kududzirwa maererano netsika: nei mimwe misoro ichibuda, kuti kuseka uye kuseka zvinoshanda sei, uye mamiriro etsika ari shure kwe "pfungwa."
Nzira yekusanganisa nzira inowanzo shandiswa: vaongorori vanoshandisa maturusi edhijitari kugadzira mapatani, vobva vaverenga mienzaniso mikuru nepadyo, vachiperekedzwa nekubvunzurudzwa kana kucherechedza kuti vaedze kududzira.
Matanho Anoshanda Mukuongorora Rugwaro rweAnthropology
Kazhinji, kuongorora zvinyorwa muzvidzidzo zvevanhu kunogona kutevera matanho aya: (1) kuona mubvunzo wekutsvagisa uye rudzi rwezvinyorwa zvakakodzera; (2) kuunganidza data uye kuona hunhu, kunyanya kune zvinyorwa zvepachivande kana nharaunda dzisina kuchengetedzeka; (3) kunyora nekuronga data; (4) kugadzira makodhi ekutanga nezvikamu zvedingindira; (5) kududzira maitiro nekubatanidza iwo nemamiriro emagariro evanhu, nhoroondo, uye hukama hwesimba; (6) kusimbisa kuburikidza netriangulation—semuenzaniso, kuenzanisa zvinyorwa nekutarisa mumunda uye kubvunzurudza; (7) kunyora zvabuda nekufungisisa, kureva kuziva chinzvimbo chemuongorori mukuita kwekududzira.
Penutup
Nzira dzekuongorora magwaro mu anthropology dzakavakirwa pamusimboti mumwe chete: rugwaro chiito chemagariro evanhu chisingagone kuparadzaniswa nemamiriro ehupenyu hwevanhu. Kuongorora zviri mukati kunobatsira kugadzira mapatani, kuongorora hurukuro kunofumura hukama hwesimba, kuongorora nyaya kunonzwisisa ruzivo kuburikidza nenyaya, semiotics inoverenga zviratidzo nezviratidzo, hermeneutics inosimbisa kududzira kwakadzama, kuongorora hurukuro kunoburitsa pachena mashandiro ekudyidzana, zvidzidzo zvekuchengetedza nhoroondo yekumiririrwa, uye nzira dzedhijitari dzinovhura mukana wekuverenga big data. Nekubatanidza nzira idzi nekufungisisa, anthropology inogona kubata zvinoreva zvipenyu - kwete chete zvinoreva zvakanyorwa - uye kutsanangura kuti mutauro nemagwaro zvinobatsira sei mukuumba nyika yemagariro evanhu.
