Mhedzisiro yeUkoloni paMamiriro Emagariro Evanhu neTsika
Pendauluan
Kutonga kwevagari veEurope kwaive nguva munhoroondo apo nyika dzemuEurope dzakatonga nekukunda nzvimbo huru dzemuAfrica, Asia, neAmerica. Kunyange hazvo chinangwa chikuru chekutonga kwevagari veAmerica chaive chekushandisa mari yakawanda, mhedzisiro yacho yaive yakaoma zvikuru, inosanganisira magariro evanhu netsika dzevanhu vakakundwa. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvakadzama kuti kutonga kwevagari veEurope kwakakanganisa sei magariro evanhu munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi rose.
Kuchinja Mumaumbirwo Evanhu
1. Sisitimu Itsva yeHutungamiriri
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakakonzera kuumbwa kwehukoloni kwaive kuchinja kwemaitiro emagariro evanhu echinyakare aivepo kwemazana emakore. Vakoloni vaiwanzounza maitiro matsva ehutongi hwakatarisana nevatongi vehukoloni nevakuru vemunharaunda vaivatsigira. Semuenzaniso, munzvimbo zhinji dzeIndonesia, maDutch akatanga maitiro emapoka akafanana nehurongwa hwehufeudal muEurope, zvichigadzira maitiro matsva ehutongi hwevanhu asina kumbovapo kare.
2. Kusaenzana Kwemagariro Evanhu
Kutonga kwevakoloni kwakakonzerawo kusarongeka kukuru munharaunda. Vatongi vevakoloni vaiwanzochengetedza zvinzvimbo zvavo zvehupfumi nemagariro evanhu nekushandisa vashandi vashoma kubva kuvanhu veko. Vakaunza nzira dzehupfumi dzaibatsira vakoloni nevanhu vepamusoro veko, uku vachivaita varombo. Maitiro akaita se "Cultuurstelsel," kana kuti Forced Cultivation System muIndonesia, muenzaniso wakanaka, apo vanhu vaimanikidzwa kurima zvirimwa zvekutengesa kuti vawane purofiti kubva kuNetherlands.
3. Kutama uye Kugara Mumaguta
Kutonga kwevagari vemo kwakakonzerawo kutama kwevanhu vakawanda uye kupararira kwemaguta. Zvivakwa zvakavakwa nevagari vemo, zvakaita semigwagwa, njanji, nezviteshi zvengarava, zvakaita kuti vanhu vafambe zvakanaka. Uyezve, kudiwa kwevashandi munzvimbo dzemaguta nenzvimbo dzekutonga kwevagari vemo kwakakurudzirawo vanhu kuti vatame kubva kumaruwa vachienda kumaguta. Izvi zvakakonzera shanduko huru mumagariro evanhu nemagariro evanhu, maguta achiramba achiwanda uye achizadzwa nemarudzi netsika dzakasiyana-siyana.
Kuchinja Kwetsika
1. Pesvedzero yechitendero nedzidzo
Kutonga kwevaKoroni kwakaunzawo shanduko huru muchitendero nedzidzo. Masimba mazhinji evaKoroni akasimudzira chiKristu sechikamu chekuedza kwavo "kuunza budiriro" munharaunda. Mamishinari echiKristu akatanga zvikoro nemachechi zvakazova nzvimbo dzezviitiko zvemagariro evanhu nedzidzo. Zvisinei, munzvimbo zhinji, izvi zvakakonzera kuparara kwetsika nezvitendero zvemunzvimbo iyoyo zvekare.
2. Mutauro neKutaurirana
Mitauro yekoloni inowanzova mutauro wekutonga nedzidzo, ichitsiva kana kusimbisa mitauro yemuno. Semuenzaniso, munyika zhinji dzemuAfrica, Chirungu, ChiFrench, kana Chiputukezi ndiyo mitauro yepamutemo uye mutauro wedzidzo yepamusoro, nepo mitauro yemuno ichingoshandiswa chete mumamiriro asina kurongeka. Izvi zvinotungamira mukurasikirwa kwemitauro netsika dzemuno, izvo zvinogona kutsakatika nekufamba kwenguva.
3. Hunhu neTsika
Kutonga kwevaKoroni kwakakanganisawo hunyanzvi netsika. Hunyanzi hwechivanhu hwakawanda, mimhanzi, nemitambo yekutamba zvakasangana nekumanikidzwa nekuchinja nekuda kwetsika dzekuMadokero. Kunyange hazvo mamwe emhando idzi dzehunyanzvi akapona uye akatojairana nepfungwa itsva, mamwe mazhinji akarasika kana kuderera nekuda kwekushaya rutsigiro neruremekedzo.
4. Zvipfeko uye Mararamiro
Kutonga kwevaKoroni kwakaunza shanduko mumararamiro nezvipfeko. Vatongi vevaKoroni vaiwanzounza mafashoni avo nezvipfeko zvavo munharaunda dzaitongwa nekoloni. Zvipfeko zvechivanhu zvakatanga kutsiviwa nezvipfeko zverudzi rwekuMadokero, izvo zvaionekwa sezvemazuva ano uye zvine chinzvimbo chepamusoro. Kuchinja uku kwakaratidzawo kuchinja kwetsika dzevanhu, sezvo vazhinji vakatanga kuona kushandiswa kwemararamiro ekuMadokero sechiratidzo chekufambira mberi uye chinzvimbo munharaunda.
Kusawirirana Kwetsika Uye Kutsungirira
1. Kuramba Kwevanhu
Pasinei nekupesvedzera kwakasimba kwevakoloni, nharaunda dzakawanda dzakaratidza kusimba kwetsika uye kusimba. Kuramba kutonga kwevakoloni kwaive kwete kungopandukira panyama chete asiwo kuramba kwevanhu netsika. Nharaunda dzaiwanzoshandisa nzira dzekufananidzira kuchengetedza hunhu hwavo hwetsika, dzakadai sekuchengetedza mitauro yemuno, mhemberero dzechivanhu, uye hunyanzvi hwechivanhu.
2. Kusanganiswa kwetsika
Maitiro ekukoloniyasi akakonzerawo kusanganiswa kwetsika, uko zvinhu zvetsika dzemuno nedzemakoloniyasi zvakabatana kugadzira mhando itsva dzetsika. Semuenzaniso, mumimhanzi, tinogona kuona simba remimhanzi yekuMadokero pamimhanzi yechinyakare, zvichikonzera mhando itsva dzakadai se "dangdut" muIndonesia kana "calypso" muCaribbean. Kusanganiswa uku kunowanzogadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzetsika, kunyangwe zvichigonawo kuva chikonzero chekusawirirana pakati pevanhu.
3. Dzidzo uye Kukwira kweRudzi
Pakupedzisira, dzidzo yakaunzwa nevakoloni yakabatsirawo mukukwira kwerudzi. Vane njere nevatungamiriri vemafambiro enyika vaiwanzova zvibereko zvedzidzo yekoloni. Vakashandisa ruzivo nehunyanzvi hwavakawana kurwisa hukoloni nekurwira kuzvitonga. Mienzaniso yekare inosanganisira Sukarno muIndonesia, Mahatma Gandhi muIndia, naKwame Nkrumah muGhana, vese vakatsigira kurwisa hukoloni uye vakawana kuzvitonga kwenyika dzavo.
Mhedziso
Kukanganiswa kwehukoloni pamagariro evanhu kwaive kwakakura uye kwakaoma. Kune rumwe rutivi, hukoloni hwakaguma nekuchinja kukuru mumagariro evanhu, kusaenzana kwehupfumi, uye kusimba kwevanhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvakagumawo nekushanduka kukuru mutsika, chitendero, mutauro, hunyanzvi, uye mararamiro.
Asi, kuburikidza nemhedzisiro iyi yese, nzanga dzevakoloni dzakaratidza kushinga kukuru. Havana kungopona chete asi vakagadzirawo kusanganiswa kwetsika uye vakashandisa dzidzo yevakoloni kuvaka sangano renyika iro rakazobudirira mukuparadza hutongi hwevakoloni.
Kutonga kwevapambepfumi kwaive nguva yakabatsira kuumba nyika yanhasi sezvatinoiziva. Kunzwisisa simba rayo pamagariro evanhu kunotibatsira kunzwisisa simba, kuramba, uye shanduko dziri kuramba dzichiitika munyika yedu nhasi.
