Chidzidzo cheAnthropological cheMitemo neMutemo weChivanhu
Pendauluan
Anthropology ibazi resainzi yemagariro evanhu rinodzidza vanhu nezvimwe zvinhu zvetsika dzavo, zvakaita semutauro, tsika, zvitendero, uye hunyanzvi. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinodzidzwa muanthropology itsika nemitemo yetsika inoshanda munharaunda. Iyi tsika nemitemo yetsika inoita basa guru mukuumba, kutonga, uye kudzora maitiro evanhu nemapoka mukati metsika yakatarwa. Tsvagiridzo yeanthropology pamusoro petsika nemitemo yetsika inovavarira kuwana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuti nzanga dzinozvironga sei uye kuti kudyidzana kwevanhu kunoumbwa uye kunochengetwa sei.
Kunzwisisa Maitiro neMutemo weChivanhu
Norma
Maitiro etsika mitemo kana mwero wemaitiro anotarisirwa mukati meboka kana munharaunda. Maitiro etsika anoshanda pakuyera hukama hwevanhu uye kuderedza kusawirirana munharaunda. Kune mhando mbiri dzemaitiro: epamutemo neasina kurongeka. Maitiro epamutemo anosanganisira mitemo yakanyorwa neyakanyorwa, senge mitemo kana mitemo yehurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro asina kurongeka anosanganisira mitemo isina kunyorwa, senge tsika, tsika, uye tsika.
Mutemo wetsika
Mutemo wetsika ibumbiro remitemo inobvumiranwa pamwe chete nenharaunda yakati uye inogamuchirwa senzira yekudzora zviito nehukama pakati pevanhu vari munharaunda iyoyo. Mutemo wetsika hauna kunyorwa semutemo wepamutemo, asi une simba rakafanana rekuchinja nekutonga maitiro emunhu. Munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeIndonesia, mutemo wetsika unoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, semuenzaniso mukugadzirisa gakava reminda, tsika dzemuchato, mhemberero dzechitendero, nezvimwewo.
Mabasa eMitemo neMutemo weChivanhu
Nzvimbo dzeSocial
Tsika nemirairo yetsika zvinoshanda sezvishandiso zvekudzora nekutonga maitiro emunhu mumwe nemumwe munharaunda. Kuvapo kwemitemo inogamuchirwa kunobatsira kugadzira kurongeka kwemagariro evanhu kwakarongeka uye kwakabatana. Semuenzaniso, munharaunda yeMinangkabau, tsika dzemhuri dzinodzora kugoverwa kwepfuma nesimba kuburikidza nedzinza raamai, zvichichengetedza kuenzana kwemagariro evanhu nehupfumi munharaunda.
Mutongi Wemagariro Evanhu
Pamusoro pekudzora maitiro, tsika nemirairo yetsika zvinoshandawo senzira dzekudzora magariro evanhu. Kana mumwe munhu akatyora tsika kana mutemo wetsika, nharaunda ine nzira dzakananga dzekugadzirisa kutyorwa kwemitemo, dzakadai sekuburikidza nezvirango zvemagariro evanhu kana mhemberero dzechivanhu . Kudzora uku kwakakosha kuti vanhu vatevedzere mitemo yakabvumiranwa.
Kuumbwa Kwekuzivikanwa
Tsika nemitemo yetsika inoitawo basa rakakosha mukuumba hunhu hweboka . Tsika nemitemo yakasiyana nenharaunda inopa hunhu hwakasiyana uye inosimbisa pfungwa yekubatana uye hunhu hwese. Semuenzaniso, mhemberero yeNgaben muBali haingogumiri pakukudza madzitateguru chete asiwo inosimbisa hunhu hwetsika hwevanhu veBalinese.
Mutemo wetsika munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana
West Sumatra (Minangkabau)
Mudunhu reMinangkabau, mitemo yetsika netsika zvinogara nhaka zvichibva papfungwa ye "Adat Basandi Syara', Syara' Basandi Kitabullah" (Custom Based on Sharia, Sharia Based on the Book of Allah). Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chemutemo wetsika weMinangkabau inzira yekuroorana, umo dzinza nemuridzi wevhu zvinopfuudzwa kuburikidza nedivi raamai. Izvi zvinokanganisa mamiriro emagariro nehupfumi hwenharaunda yeMinangkabau, uko vakadzi vanoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwemhuri nenharaunda.
Bali
MuBali, mutemo wetsika unozivikanwa se "desa adat" kana kuti "desa pakraman," uyo une simba rekutonga zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu hwevanhu, zvakaita semhemberero dzechivanhu, kugoverwa kwevhu, uye kugadzirisa gakava. Mutemo wetsika muBali wakabatana zvakanyanya nechitendero cheBalinese Hinduism, saka mitemo yakawanda yetsika inobva mudzidziso dzechitendero ichi. Muenzaniso mumwe chete chaiwo imhemberero yeNgaben, tsika yekupisa chitunha iyo iri chikamu chakakosha chehupenyu hweBalinese.
Papua
MuPapua, mitemo yetsika inosiyana kubva kudzinza kuenda kudzinza, asi ichiri kuita basa rakakosha mukudzora hupenyu hwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, makakatanwa evhu anowanzo gadziriswa kuburikidza nekukurukurirana kwetsika. Mutemo wetsika muPapua wakabatanawo zvakanyanya nezvitendero zvechivanhu netsika dzechitendero dzakapfuudzwa kubva kuzvizvarwa nezvizvarwa.
Kuchinja uye Matambudziko Munguva Yazvino
Kubudirira Kwepasi Pose uye Kuvandudzwa
Kuchinja-chinja kwepasi rose nekuchinja-chinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakanganisa zvikuru kuenderera mberi kwetsika nemitemo yetsika munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinogona kuva zvakanaka uye zvakaipa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchinja-chinja kunogona kuunza shanduko dzinokurumidzisa kukura kwehupfumi netekinoroji munharaunda dzemuno. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchinja-chinja kwepasi rose kunogonawo kutyisidzira tsika nemitemo yetsika inoonekwa seyakasakara kana kuti isingachakoshi kune zviri kuitika pari zvino.
Kupindira kweHurumende
Kupindira kwehurumende, kungave kuri muchimiro chemutemo kana mutemo, kunewo simba guru pamitemo yetsika nemagariro. Mamwe matanho anogona kusimbisa mitemo yetsika, yakadai sekucherechedza kodzero dzevhu dzetsika kana kutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwetsika dzechivanhu . Zvisinei, kunewo matanho anogona kukanganisa kana kushandura maitiro aya etsika, akadai semitemo isingatarise huchenjeri hwenzvimbo.
Kujaira uye Kutsungirira
Pasinei nekusangana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana, nharaunda zhinji dzemuno dzakakwanisa kuchinja zvinoenderana nenguva dzichichinja uku dzichichengetedza tsika dzadzo dzetsika netsika. Kugadziriswa uku kunowanzoitwa pasina kurasikirwa nepfungwa huru kana zvinorehwa netsika idzodzo. Semuenzaniso, dzimwe nharaunda dzemuno dzakabatanidza tekinoroji yemazuva ano mumitambo yechinyakare kana nzira dzekugadzirisa gakava.
Mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvetsika nemagariro evanhu kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kusiyana kwetsika dzemuIndonesia. Tsika netsika dzemuIndonesia hazvingoshandi sevatongi vemagariro evanhu chete, asiwo sezvinhu zvinosarudza kuzivikanwa uye zvinobatanidza nharaunda. Munguva yekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose nekuvandudzwa, matambudziko matsva anomuka ekuchengetedza tsika netsika dzemunyika, asi nharaunda dzemuno dzakasimba dzinokwanisa kugadzirisa shanduko idzi pasina kurasikirwa netsika dzadzo.
Kuburikidza nenzira yekuongorora tsika dzevanhu, tinogona kunzwisisa zvakadzama kuomarara uye kusiyana kwetsika nemitemo yetsika munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Kuremekedza uchenjeri hwenzvimbo, kuchengetedza tsika, uye kuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzenharaunda dzemuno zvakakosha mukuchengetedza kusiyana kwetsika nehupfumi hwenyika.
