Anthropology yechitendero uye Kudzidza kwetsika
Pendauluan
Anthropology yechitendero ibazi reanthropology rinonyatsoongorora zvitendero, tsika, uye masangano mutsika dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose. Chinangwa chedzidzo iyi ndechekunzwisisa zvinoreva uye kushanda kwetsika, ngano, uye zviratidzo zvine chekuita nechitendero. Anthropology yechitendero inoona chitendero kwete sechinhu chemweya chete asiwo sechiitiko chemagariro evanhu chinopesvedzera mativi akasiyana ehupenyu hwevanhu.
Tsika chinhu chakakosha mukudzidza kwevanhu nezvechitendero. Tsika dzinogona kudzokororwa zviito zvine chinangwa chaicho uye dzinowanzobatanidzwa nezviitiko zvakakosha muhupenyu hwemunhu kana nharaunda, zvakaita sekuzvarwa, kuroorana, uye kufa. Kudzidza tsika kunotibatsira kunzwisisa nzira idzo vanhu nemapoka vanobatana nadzo nenyika yemweya uye kuti tsika dzinogona sei kuumba kuzivikanwa kwenharaunda nekubatana.
Tsanangudzo yeAnthropology yechitendero
Anthropology yechitendero inyaya yekudzidza kuti zvitendero netsika zvinoumbwa sei uye zvinopesvedzerwa sei nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo etsika nemagariro evanhu. Inosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekunzwisisa zvinoreva chiratidzo uye mashandiro echitendero muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Anthropology yechitendero haingoongorore zvitendero zvikuru zvakaita sechiKristu, chiIslam, chiHindu, nechiBuddha chete, asiwo zvitendero zvechivanhu nenharaunda diki, dzisinganyanyi kuzivikanwa.
Nyanzvi dzezvechitendero dzinoshandisa nzira dzekuongorora tsika dzevanhu dzakadai se ethnography kuti dzione uye dzinyore maitiro echitendero. Dzinogona kugara munharaunda yakati kwenguva yakareba, dzichidzidza mutauro wacho, uye dzichiita hurukuro dzakadzama nenhengo dzenharaunda. Ruzivo urwu runozoongororwa kuti ruone dingindira rine chekuita nezvitendero netsika dzechitendero.
Pfungwa uye Mashandiro eMitambo
Mitambo zviito zvinodzokororwa zvinowanzova nechimiro chakasimba. Mabasa aya anowanzova nechirevo chekufananidzira uye chinangwa chekuzadzisa mhedzisiro chaiyo, ingave yemweya, yemagariro evanhu, kana yepfungwa. Muzvidzidzo zvevanhu zvechitendero, tsika dzinowanzoonekwa sezvishandiso zvekubatanidza hukama pakati pevanhu nemasimba anoshamisa.
Victor Turner, nyanzvi yezvevanhu ine mukurumbira, akati tsika "zviitiko zvemagariro evanhu zvakarongeka," zvichireva kuti dzine kurongeka kwakajeka uye kunofungidzirwa. Tsika idzi dzinowanzo perekedzwa nezviratidzo zvine zvazvinoreva zvakadzama kune vatori vechikamu. Turner akatangawo pfungwa ye "limitality" mutsika, danho rekuchinja mukati memhemberero inobvumira vanhu kuti vafambe kubva pane imwe nzvimbo yemagariro kuenda kune imwe.
Clifford Geertz, mumwe nyanzvi yezvevanhu, akasimbisa kukosha kwetsika pakunzwisisa tsika. Akati tsika imhando ye "muenzaniso we" (muenzaniso wenyika) uye "muenzaniso wenyika"). Izvi zvinoreva kuti tsika haingoratidzi chokwadi chete asiwo inogadzira maonero anoita vatori vechikamu nyika yakavapoteredza.
Chikamu chetsika
Tsika dzinogona kurongwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita sechinangwa, chimiro, uye mamiriro emagariro evanhu. Heano mamwe mapoka akajairika mukudzidza nezvetsika:
1. Tsika dzeKupfuura: Tsika idzi dzinoratidza kuchinja kwemunhu kubva padanho rimwe rehupenyu kuenda kune rimwe. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mitambo yekuyamwisa, michato, nemariro.
2. Tsika dzeKubatana: Tsika idzi dzinosimbisa hukama hwevanhu uye kuzivikanwa kweboka. Mienzaniso inosanganisira mhemberero dzechitendero dzevhiki nevhiki kana mitambo yegore negore.
3. Mitambo yeMatambudziko: Mitambo iyi inoitwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ematambudziko kana kusava nechokwadi kutsvaga rubatsiro rwemashiripiti kana kudzikamisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Mienzaniso inosanganisira minamato kana mhemberero dzinoitwa panguva yenjodzi dzechisikigo.
4. Tsika Dzekuenderera Mberi: Tsika idzi dzinoitirwa kuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu aripo kana kuti kuenzana kwevanhu. Muenzaniso imhemberero yekurima inoitirwa kuchengetedza ivhu rakaorera.
Chidzidzo Chenyaya: Tsika Mutsika Dzakasiyana
Kuti tinzwisise zvakajeka mashandiro anoita tsika dzakasiyana, heano mimwe mienzaniso chaiyo kubva kumativi akasiyana enyika:
1. Tsika yeKutanga muRudzi rweMaasai, Kenya
Vanhu vechiMaasai vekuKenya vane tsika yakaoma uye yekufananidzira yekugadzwa kwemwana. Inzira yakareba inosanganisira matanho akati wandei, kubva pakudzingiswa kusvika panguva yekuparadzaniswa apo varume vanodzidza mabasa nemabasa evanhu vakuru vedzinza. Tsika idzi dzinoshanda kudzidzisa tsika nemagariro uye kusimbisa hukama pakati penhengo dzedzinza.
2. Mutambo weNgaben muBali, Indonesia
Ngaben imhemberero yekupiswa kwechiHindu yeBalinese ine tsika dzakaoma kwemazuva akati wandei. Kupiswa kwechitunha kunofungidzirwa kuti kunosunungura mweya kubva mumuviri wouendesa kuhupenyu hwepashure perufu. Iyi nhevedzano yetsika inosanganisira nharaunda yakakura uye inoshanda kusimbisa kubatana kwevanhu uye kupa nyaradzo yemweya kumhuri yakafirwa.
3. Mutambo weZuva reVakafa muMexico
Zuva reVakafa (Día de los Muertos) mutambo wegore negore muMexico unopemberera nekurangarira vakafa. Mutambo uyu unosanganisira kugadzira atari dzine mifananidzo nezvinhu zvevakafa, chikafu, nemaruva. Tsika iyi inoratidza hukama huripo pakati pehupenyu nerufu uye inosanganisira nharaunda yese mukupemberera pamwe chete.
Mabasa Etsika Dzemagariro Evanhu Nepfungwa
Mitambo ine mabasa akasiyana-siyana munharaunda uye mupfungwa. Munharaunda, tsika dzinosimbisa kubatana kweboka. Kuburikidza nekutora chikamu pamwe chete mumitambo yetsika, vanhu vanonzwa vari chikamu chenharaunda yakakura. Izvi zvinopa hunhu hweboka uye zvinoderedza kunzwa kwekusurukirwa.
Mupfungwa, tsika dzinogona kuunza rugare nerunyararo. Munguva dzematambudziko kana kusava nechokwadi, tsika dzinopa pfungwa yekudzora uye kufanotaura. Izvi zvinobatsira vanhu kuti vatsungirire kuzvidya mwoyo nekushushikana. Tsika dzinogonawo kushanda sechishandiso chekunzwisisa nekuchengetedza chinangwa muhupenyu, kunyanya munguva dzekuchinja kukuru kana kurasikirwa.
Mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvevanhu nezvechitendero nekudzidza nezvetsika zvinopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro penzira idzo chitendero netsika dzemweya zvinoumbwa, uye zvinoumbwa nadzo nemamiriro emagariro evanhu netsika. Tsika chikamu chikuru chechidzidzo ichi, chinopa mukana wekunzwisisa zvinoreva zviratidzo uye basa remagariro evanhu vetsika dzechitendero. Nekunyatsoongorora tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, tinogona kuwana kufanana uye kusiyana kunovandudza kunzwisisa kwedu zviitiko zvevanhu vese. Kuburikidza nekudzidza kwakazara, kudzidza nezvevanhu nezvechitendero hakungowedzere ruzivo rwedu rwedzidzo chete asiwo kunopa nzira itsva dzekukoshesa kusiyana uye kuoma kwehupenyu hwemweya nehwemagariro evanhu pasi rose.
