Kuongororwa kwetsika dzekurapa kwevanhu
Mishonga yechivanhu ndeimwe yetsika dzakagara kwenguva refu munhoroondo yevanhu. Haipo chete semuunganidzwa wenzira dzekurapa asiwo sehurongwa hweruzivo rwakadzama mutsika dzenzanga, zvitendero, uye maumbirwo emagariro evanhu. Muzvidzidzo zveanthropology, mishonga yechivanhu inonzwisiswa sechikamu chetsika: kuti nzanga inodudzira sei chirwere, muviri, hutano, uye hukama pakati pevanhu nezvisikwa nenyika yemweya. Kuburikidza nemaonero eanthropology, tinogona kuona kuti tsika dzekurapa dzechivanhu hadzisi "dzimwe nzira" dzekurapa kwemazuva ano, asi asi mararamiro ane pfungwa dzawo, simba, uye basa remagariro evanhu.
Mishonga Yechivanhu Senzira Yeruzivo Rwetsika
Anthropology inoona tsika semuunganidzwa weruzivo rwakadzidzwa uye rwakagarwa nhaka. Munyaya yehutano, ruzivo urwu runosanganisira kupatsanura zvirwere, kuongororwa, sarudzo dzekurapa, uye kunyange mitemo yekurega uye tsika. Nzanga zhinji dzine cosmologies chaiyo inotsanangura zvinokonzera chirwere. Semuenzaniso, chirwere chinogona kunzwisiswa sekusaenzana kwezvinhu zvinopisa nezvinotonhora, kupindira kubva kumidzimu, kutyorwa kwemitemo, kana kutaura kwekusawirirana kwevanhu. Hurongwa uhu hwezvinoreva hunoumba chinonzi ethnomedicine, hurongwa hwekurapa hwakasiyana neboka retsika.
Mukurapa kwetsika dzevanhu, varapi vechivanhu—varoyi vechivanhu, vatabib, balian (varapi vechivanhu), sinse (varapi vechivanhu), kana vatungamiriri vechivanhu—vane simba kwete nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavo hwekugadzira mishonga, asiwo nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuverenga zviratidzo zvemagariro evanhu nemweya. Kuporesa kunova nzira inobatanidza muviri nemagariro evanhu. Naizvozvo, kuporesa hakusi kungobvisa zviratidzo zvemuviri chete, asi kudzoreredza kuwirirana pakati pemunhu, nharaunda, nemasimba anofungidzirwa kuti anopesvedzera hupenyu.
Pfungwa yeZvirwere: Kurwara neZvirwere
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvedzidzo yezvekurapa ndeyekusiyanisa chirwere nechirwere. Chirwere chinoreva chirwere chemuviri chinoyerwa nekiriniki, nepo chirwere chinoreva chiitiko chemunhu chechirwere—kusanganisira manzwiro, zvinoreva, rusarura, uye dudziro dzemagariro evanhu. Mishonga yechivanhu inowanzoenderana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo yechirwere nekuti inogadzirisa ruzivo rwemurwere rwakakwana. Murwere anogona kuratidza kunyunyuta kwemuviri, asi varapi vechivanhu vanobvunza nezvehukama hwemhuri, manzwiro emukati, zviroto, kana zviitiko zvakananga zvinoonekwa sezvikonzero zvemweya.
Kubva pamaonero evanhu, izvi hazvirevi kuti mishonga yechivanhu "haina musoro." Kunzwisisa kwayo kwakasiyana: inoshanda mukati mechimiro chekufananidzira uye chemagariro chinozivikanwa nenharaunda. Kana nharaunda ichitenda kuti chirwere chinobva mu "kusawirirana" kana "kusawirirana kunoshamisa," kurapa kwetsika kunoonekwa kwakakodzera nekuti kunobata chikonzero chinotendwa.
Tsika, Zviratidzo, uye Migumisiro Yekuporesa
Maitiro ekurapa echinyakare anowanzo sanganisira mitambo: minamato, mantras, zvipiriso, kusvuta, kana zvimwe zviito zvekufananidzira. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoona mitambo iyi kwete "kuwedzera" chete, asi zvinhu zvikuru zvinovaka zvinoreva uye kuvimbana. Mitambo inogadzira mamiriro ezvinhu umo varwere vanonzwa vachitarisirwa, vachinzwisiswa, uye vaine tariro. Kazhinji, zvinhu izvi zvekufananidzira zvinobatsira mukuchinja kwepfungwa kunooneka—sekudzikira kwekushushikana, kunzwa kugadzikana, kana kuwedzera chivimbo mukupora.
Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nepfungwa ye placebo mukurapa kwemazuva ano, asi anthropology inosimbisa kuti "placebo" haisi kungofungidzira chete; imhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwezvitendero, zvinotarisirwa, hukama hwevanhu, uye tsika. Kana n'anga yechivanhu ikaonekwa seine "charisma" kana simba remweya, kusangana kwekurapa kunova chiitiko chine simba munharaunda. Kuvapo kwemhuri, rutsigiro rwenharaunda, uye nhevedzano yezviratidzo zvinobatsira kugadzira chiitiko chekuporesa sezvinobvira uye zvinogoneka.
Hukama Hwevanhu Nebasa Revarapi Vechivanhu
Munzvimbo dzakawanda, varapi vechivanhu vane chinzvimbo chakasiyana munharaunda. Vanogona kushanda sevayananisi vemakakatanwa, vanopa mazano etsika, uye vanochengetedza kuenzana kwevanhu. Varapi vechivanhu vanowanzo taura nezvenyaya dzakaoma kukurukura pachena—dzakadai sekuzvidya mwoyo, kusawirirana kwemhuri, kana kutya. Nemutauro wetsika uripo, varapi vanogona kutaura nyaya idzi uye kupa mhinduro dzinogamuchirwa munharaunda.
Uyezve, varapi vechivanhu vanowanzo svikika zviri nyore: vari pedyo nenzvimbo, vanochinjika mune zvemari (kubhadhara kunogona kuitwa nezvinhu kana masevhisi), uye vanoziva mutauro wemuno netsika dzemuno. Izvi zvinoita kuti vanhu varambe vachida mishonga yechivanhu kunyangwe paine nzvimbo dzekurapa dzemazuva ano. Kubva pamaonero evanhu, sarudzo yekurapwa haisi sarudzo yemunhu mumwe chete, asi inoumbwa nehukama hwemhuri, chinzvimbo munharaunda, uye ruzivo rwevanhu vose munharaunda.
Chikamu cheEcological: Hukama huripo pakati pevanhu nezvisikwa
Nzira dzakawanda dzekurapa dzechivanhu dzinovimba neruzivo rwemiti yemishonga, mhuka, nezviwanikwa zvechisikigo. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoona izvi sechiratidzo chekuchinjika kwevanhu kunharaunda yavo. Ruzivo rwemishonga, zvinonhuwira, midzi, mashizha, kana matekiniki ekukwiza runowedzera kuburikidza neruzivo rwakakura, kutapurirana kwezvizvarwa zvakasiyana, uye kutarisa zvakasikwa.
Zvisinei, kuvandudzwa kwezvinhu kunounza matambudziko: kurasikirwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvipenyu, kushandurwa kwevhu, uye kutengeserana kwemiti yemishonga. Kana mishonga yechivanhu yagadzirwa zvakanyanya, ruzivo rwaimbove rwemunharaunda uye rwemamiriro ezvinhu runogona kuregererwa kubva patsika nemitemo yechivanhu inoitonga. Anthropology inotiyeuchidza kuti hukama hwenzanga nezvisikwa hahusi hwekungotaura nezve "zvinhu zvakagadzirwa," asiwo nezvekuzivikanwa, mutoro, uye mararamiro.
Simba, Kuve Kwepamutemo, uye Kurevererana
Mishonga yechivanhu inowanikwawo mukati mehondo yemasimba. Munyika dzakawanda, mishonga yekurapa inotsigirwa nemasangano ehurumende, dzidzo yepamutemo, uye mitemo yakasimba. Panguva imwecheteyo, mishonga yechivanhu inowanzoonekwa se "isiri yepamutemo," pasinei nekushandiswa kwayo kwakapararira. Dzidzo yevanhu inoratidza kuti tsananguro dze "sainzi" uye "isiri yesainzi" dzinowanzobatanidzwa sei nechiremera, zvematongerwo enyika eruzivo, uye zvido zvehupfumi.
Maitiro ekurapa—tsika yekuona zvinhu zvakawanda zvehupenyu sematambudziko ekurapa—anogona kuchinja manzwisisiro anoita nzanga kurwara. Mamiriro ezvinhu aimboonekwa sezviitiko zvemagariro evanhu kana zvemweya anogona kuderedzwa kuita zvirwere zvekurapa chete. Kusiyana neizvi, kunewo maitiro ekubatanidza mishonga yechivanhu muhurongwa hwehutano hwepamutemo. Kubatanidzwa uku kune mukana wekuva kwakanaka kana kukaitwa nekuremekedza mamiriro etsika uye kuchengetedzeka kwevarwere, asi zvakare kune njodzi yekuderedza tsika dzechivanhu kuita "zvigadzirwa zvemiti" pasina kunzwisisa tsika dzadzo uye magariro evanhu.
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose uye Kutengeswa kweMishonga Yechivanhu
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kwakaunza mishonga yechivanhu munzvimbo itsva: misika yepasi rose, indasitiri yehutano, uye social media. Maitiro akadai semishonga yemishonga, acupuncture, kana masaja echivanhu anogona kukurudzirwa semararamiro. Kune rumwe rutivi, izvi zvinovhura mikana yehupfumi uye kuzivikanwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinotungamira mukutengeserana: ruzivo rwemuno runotengeswa, rune patent, kana rwakaparadzaniswa nenharaunda dzaro.
Anthropology inosimbisa kukosha kwetsika: ndiani anobatsirwa nekutengeserana uku? Nharaunda dzine ruzivo dzinowana kuzivikanwa kwakakodzera uye mabhenefiti here? Maitiro ari kuchinjwa here kuti aenderane nezvinodiwa nemusika, nokudaro achirasikirwa netsika dzawo? Mibvunzo iyi inokosha pakunzwisisa mashandiro emishonga yechivanhu munyika yanhasi.
Mhedziso
Ongororo yezvevanhu inoratidza kuti mushonga wechivanhu itsika yakaoma: ihurongwa hweruzivo, nzira dzemagariro evanhu, uye nhevedzano yezviratidzo zvinoumba manzwisisiro anoita nharaunda kurwara nekurapa. Maitiro aya haagoni kutongwa chete kubva pamaonero ekushanda kwezvehupenyu, sezvo achishandawo pamatanho epfungwa, magariro evanhu, uye emweya. Muhupenyu hwemazuva ano, mushonga wechivanhu unosangana nematambudziko kubva pakuvandudzwa, mitemo, uye musika wepasi rose. Asi, unoramba uripo nekuti unopa chimwe chinhu icho biomedicine inowanzotadza kuzadzisa zvizere: chiitiko chekurapa chakazara, chakatarisana nenharaunda, uye chine chinangwa chetsika. Nekunzwisisa maitiro aya kuburikidza neanthropology, tinogona kukurudzira hurukuro yakaenzana pakati pehurongwa hwehutano hwakasiyana uye marongero ekugadzira anoremekedza huchenjeri hwemunharaunda uku achichengetedza kuchengetedzeka nekugara zvakanaka kwenharaunda.
