Anthropology Inokosha uye Kuongorora Simba
Anthropology sechidzidzo chagara chichiita basa rekunzwisisa kuoma kwetsika dzevanhu. Kubva pakudzidza nzanga dziri kure uye dzinoita sedzisingazivikanwe kusvika pakuongorora mafambiro emagariro evanhu munzvimbo dzinozivikanwa, anthropology inopa maonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pevanhu. Rimwe bazi rave richinyanya kutariswa mumakumi emakore achangopfuura ianthropology yakakosha. Nzira iyi, iyo inosimbisa kukosha kwekuongorora simba mukunzwisisa mafambiro emagariro evanhu netsika, inotsvaga kufumura zvikamu zvakavanzika zvesimba zvinoumba ruzivo rwezuva nezuva rwevanhu.
Nhoroondo nedzidziso yeCritical Anthropology
Kudzidza nezvevanhu kwakadzama kwakabuda semhinduro kune mafungiro ekuti zvinhu zvinoonekwa sezvakanaka uye zvinoshanda muzvidzidzo zvechinyakare, izvo zvaida kuratidza nzanga senzira dzinoenderana dzine mabasa akajeka uye akarongwa. Vachitungamirirwa nedzidziso yaFrankfurt yekutsoropodza, post-structuralism, uye Marxism, kudzidza nezvevanhu kwakadzama kunotarisa pamasimba ekuvaka anoumba hupenyu hwemagariro evanhu. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzakadzama dzinoratidza nzira dzinoshanda nadzo simba munharaunda dzinoita sedzechisikigo kana dzisingaonekwe mukuongorora kwechinyakare.
Simba: Tsanangudzo
Simba rinowanzoonekwa sesimba rakananga kana kuti kutonga kunoitwa neboka rimwe pamusoro perimwe. Zvisinei, muzivi Michel Foucault anopa maonero akaomarara. Kuna Foucault, simba harisi mumaoko evari kutonga chete, asi rinoparadzirwa mumasocial network ese. Simba riripo muhukama hwevanhu, muhurukuro, uye mumasangano anotonga hupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Kuongororwa kweSimba muAnthropology
Nzira yekutsanangura simba nenzira yekutsanangura vanhu inosanganisira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva papfungwa nehupfumi kusvika pakuva nesimba mumazuva ese. Heano mamwe maitiro ayo anthropology inoongorora simba mumagariro akasiyana.
Simba reMazano
Simba repfungwa rinoreva kugona kuchinja mafungiro evanhu nekunzwisisa nyika yakavapoteredza. Pfungwa iyi inowanzoonekwa muhurukuro kana nyaya inotonga nzanga yakati. Semuenzaniso, pfungwa yerudzi inogona kuumba hunhu hwemunhu nehweboka uye kukanganisa simba pakati pemapoka emadzinza neezvematongerwo enyika.
Simba rezvehupfumi
Munyaya yekudyidzana kwehupfumi, critical anthropology inoongorora kuti mari yepasi rose uye tsika dze neoliberal dzinogadzira sei kusawirirana kwehurongwa. Semuenzaniso, tsvakiridzo pamusoro pemhedzisiro yekudyara kwekunze kwenyika munyika dzichiri kusimukira inoratidza kuti makambani epasi rose anogona sei kushandisa vashandi vemunharaunda nezviwanikwa zvechisikigo nerutsigiro rwemitemo yenyika yakanaka.
Simba neMasangano
Kuongororwa kwesimba kunowanzo tarisawo pabasa remasangano mukuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu aripo. Masangano edzidzo, ehutano, uye emutemo haasi masangano asina kwaakarerekera; anowanzo buritsa hukama huripo hwemasimba. Muenzaniso wakanaka ndewekuti hurongwa hwedzidzo hunogona sei kubudisa kusaenzana kwevanhu nekusimbisa tsika dzakasimba uye kubvisa avo vanobva kunzvimbo dzakasaririra.
Nzira uye Maitiro muCritical Anthropology
Maitiro ekuongorora vanhu vane ruzivo rwakadzama akapfuma uye akasiyana-siyana, achishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutsvagisa kuti aone mashandiro esimba aripo. Nyanzvi dzekuongorora vanhu vane ruzivo rwakadzama dzinowanzo shandisa ethnography, kubvunzurudza kwakadzama, kutarisa kwevatori vechikamu, uye kuongorora hurukuro kuti vaongorore mashandiro esimba mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo.
Ethnography
Ethnography, senzira huru mu anthropology, inopa ruzivo rwakadzama muhupenyu hwevanhu hwezuva nezuva. Kuburikidza ne ethnography, nyanzvi dze anthropology dzinoongorora vanhu dzinogona kuona zvakananga mashandiro esimba mukudyidzana kwevanhu kwezuva nezuva, kungave kubasa, mumhuri, kana munharaunda. Ethnography inobvumirawo vaongorori kunzwisisa nzira dzisinganzwisisike dzinoitika nadzo kutonga nekuramba.
Kuongorora Hurukuro
Kuongorora hurukuro ndeimwe nzira inokosha mukuongorora vanhu vane pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana ine chinangwa chekuona kuti mutauro nekutaurirana zvinobatsira sei mukuumbwa kwesimba. Nekuongorora zvinyorwa, hurukuro, nedzimwe nzira dzekutaurirana, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kuona mafungiro ari pasi petsika dzevanhu uye kubvisa nyaya dzinotonga dzinowanzoonekwa sechokwadi chepasi rose.
Zvidzidzo zveNhoroondo
Maitiro enhoroondo akakoshawo mukuongorora nhoroondo yevanhu. Nekuongorora nhoroondo refu yehukama hwemasimba mukati menzanga, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kuwana mavambo nekukura kwekusaenzana kwemaumbirwo. Semuenzaniso, kudzidza nezvehukoloni nemhedzisiro yahwo panzanga yemazuva ano kunotsigira kunzwisisa kwekuti nhoroondo yesimba inoramba ichiumba sei mamiriro emagariro emazuva ano.
Zvidzidzo zveNyaya muAnthropology neSimba Rakakosha
Zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana muongororo yezvevanhu zvinoratidza kuti simba rinogona kuzivikanwa uye kuongororwa sei mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Heano mimwe mienzaniso:
Kutsigira Misha muKuvandudza Zvivakwa
Munyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira, kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa kunowanzo kurudzirwa senzira yekubuda muurombo. Zvisinei, ongororo yezvevanhu inoratidza kuti mapurojekiti akadaro anowanzo batsira vanoisa mari nevanhu vepamusoro kupfuura nharaunda dzavanochinja. Semuenzaniso, kuvakwa kwemadhamu makuru kunogona kubvisa zviuru zvevanhu pasina muripo wakakwana, zvichiwedzera kusaenzana munharaunda uye kusimbisa kutonga kwesimba rehupfumi nerezvematongerwo enyika.
Maitiro eVarume neVakadzi uye Simba
Kudzidza nezvevanhu kunoratidzawo kuti hukama hwemasimba hunoumbwa sei kuburikidza nekuchinja kwehunhu hwepabonde. Mutsika dzakawanda, tsika dzepabonde dzakavakirwa pahunhu hwevarume dzinogona kusimbisa kutonga kwevarume pamusoro pevakadzi. Zvidzidzo zvehunhu hwevanhu munharaunda dzevarume, semuenzaniso, zvinoratidza kuti simba revarume rinoratidzwa sei muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu, kubva pamabasa epamba kusvika pakubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika.
Kutama uye Simba
Zvidzidzo zvetsika dzevanhu zvinowanzo ratidza dambudziko revanhu vanotama munyika yose. Vatama vanowanzo sangana nedambudziko rekushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwevashandi, rusarura, uye mhirizhonga inoratidza hukama hwepasi rose hwemasimba. Zvidzidzo zvevanhu vanotama zvisina kurongeka, semuenzaniso, zvinoratidza kuti nyika dziri kusimukira dzinoshandisa sei vashandi vasingabhadharwi mari yakawanda uku dzichivanyima kodzero dzevanhu.
Mhedziso
Kudzidza nezvevanhu kunobatsira zvikuru pakuwana nekuongorora hukama hwemasimba hunoumba nyika yevanhu. Nekubatanidza dzidziso yekutsoropodza, nzira dzetsika dzevanhu, uye ongororo yehurukuro, kudzidza nezvevanhu kunobatsira zvikuru pakunzwisisa mashandiro anoita simba munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemagariro evanhu, tsika, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Munyika yanhasi iri kuramba ichioma uye iri pasi rose, nzira iyi yekutsoropodza haina kukosha chete asi inokoshawo pakusimudzira kururamisira munharaunda uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwevanhu.
Kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana uye nzira dzekuita nadzo zvinhu, ongororo yezvevanhu inoratidza kuti simba harisi remunhu rimwe chete, asi rinoshanduka uye riripo mune zvese zvinoitika muhupenyu hwevanhu. Saka, ongororo yezvevanhu inobatsira kwete chete paruzivo rwesainzi asiwo pakuedza kugadzira nyika ine ruramisiro uye yakaenzana.
