Anthropology yezvekurapa uye masisitimu ekuchengetedza hutano
Anthropology yezvekurapa ibazi reanthropology rinodzidza maonero etsika dzehutano, zvirwere, uye maitiro ehutano. Chinangwa chebasa iri ndechekunzwisisa kuti tsika dzakasiyana dzinopindura sei matambudziko ehutano nezvirwere zvavanosangana nazvo. Nekubatanidza sainzi yezvemagariro nezvehutano, anthropology yezvekurapa inovhara musiyano uripo pakati peruzivo rwekurapa rwechinyakare nemaonero akasiyana-siyana etsika dzemuno. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora basa reanthropology yezvekurapa mukunzwisisa masisitimu ehutano uye kuti nzira dzetsika dzinopesvedzera sei hutano hweveruzhinji.
Nhoroondo neKushanduka kweAnthropology yezvekurapa
Kudzidza nezvevanhu munyaya dzezvekurapa kwakatanga sechikoro chepamutemo pakati pezana remakore rechi20. Zvisinei, kufarira kwevanachiremba nezvenyaya dzehutano kwakatanga kubva pakutanga kwechidzidzo ichi. Vanachiremba vezvevanhu vakaita saEdward Burnett Tylor naFranz Boas vakanyora nezvetsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzehutano nezvitendero muzvidzidzo zvavo zvetsika. Nekufamba kwenguva, kudzidza nezvevanhu panyaya dzezvekurapa kwave kuchiwedzera kutarisana nehukama huripo pakati pehutano nenzanga, uye pesvedzero yezvinhu zvemagariro, zvehupfumi, uye zvetsika pahutano hwemunhu nehwenharaunda.
Mumwe wevakatanga basa iri, Arthur Kleinman, ndiye akatanga pfungwa dze "chirwere" uye "chirwere." Kleinman akatsanangura chirwere sechirwere chemuviri chinozivikanwa nekiriniki, nepo chirwere chiri chiitiko chemunhu chekusagadzikana mumuviri nepamoyo kana kutambura. Maonero aya anoratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa maonero emunhu nezvehutano nechirwere kuti awedzere kushanda kwebasa rehutano.
Maonero eTsika neHutano
Tsika dzine simba guru pakuona uye maonero emunhu pahutano nezvirwere. Mutsika dzakawanda, kurwara hakuonekwi sechirwere chemuviri chete asiwo sekukanganisa kuenzana kwemweya kana tsika. Muenzaniso wekare ndewekurapa kwechivanhu mutsika dzakasiyana dzemuAfrica, uko kurwara kunowanzo fungidzirwa kuti kunokonzerwa nemasimba emweya kana zviito zvemweya yakaipa. Muchiitiko ichi, kurapwa kwechirwere kunogona kusanganisira tsika dzemweya kana tsika dzinotendwa kuti dzinodzoreredza kuenzana uye kuwirirana.
Uyezve, mutsika dzekuMabvazuva dzakadai seChina, masisitimu ehutano echinyakare akadai seTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), ayo anosanganisira acupuncture, mishonga yemishonga, uye qigong matekiniki, akavakirwa pamisimboti yekuenzanisa simba mumuviri. Maonero aya akasiyana zvakanyanya neWestern biomedicine, iyo inotarisa zvakanyanya pazvikonzero zvemuviri uye zvezvirwere zvechirwere.
Kudzidza nezvevanhu panyaya dzekurapa kunoita basa guru mukunzwisisa maonero aya uye kubatanidza maonero akasiyana ekurapa. Nekunzwisisa kusiyana kwetsika muhutano, tinogona kugadzira nzira dzekutarisira dzinobatanidza vanhu vose uye dzinonzwisisa zvinodiwa nevanhu vanobva kwakasiyana-siyana.
Maitiro Ekuchengetedza Hutano: Nzira Yakakwana uye Inobatanidza
Masisitimu ehutano akasiyana pasi rese uye anoratidza tsika nemagariro evanhu munharaunda dzavo. Dzidzo yezvekurapa inobatsira kuona zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopesvedzera masisitimu aya, zvakaita semaumbirwo emagariro evanhu, zvitendero, uye maitiro evanhu.
Nzira yakakwana uye inobatanidza hutano iri kuramba ichikosha mukuvaka hurongwa hwehutano hunoshanda uye hune hunhu. Nzira iyi haingotarise zvinhu zvekurapa chete asiwo zvinhu zvepfungwa, zvemagariro, uye zvetsika zvinokanganisa hutano hwemunhu. Semuenzaniso, kutarisirwa kwakabatana kunowanzo sanganisa nzira dzekurapa dzechinyakare nekurapa kwakabatana uye kumwe, senge yoga, kufungisisa, uye kurapwa kwemishonga.
Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzezvekurapa dzinoita basa guru mukuongorora kushanda kwenzira dzakadaro nekuongorora kukanganisa kwadzo hutano hwevanhu uye kuti dzinogamuchirwa sei nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana. Tsvakurudzo yemumunda uye zvidzidzo zvakadzama zvinogona kupa ruzivo rwekuti nzira dzekurapa dzinogona sei kugadziriswa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa netsika dzemuno.
Kugara kwenguva refu uye Kuwanikwa kweMasisitimu Ehutano
Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru zviri kusangana nehurongwa hwehutano hwepasi rose ndechekugara kwenguva refu uye kuwanikwa kwevanhu. Nyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira dzinosangana nematambudziko ane chekuita nekushaikwa kwezviwanikwa, zvivakwa, uye kushomeka kwevashandi vekurapa, izvo zvinotadzisa kupihwa kwemabasa ehutano akakwana. Dzidzo yezvevanhu mune zvehutano inoita basa rakakosha mukuona zvipingamupinyi izvi uye kugadzira mhinduro dzinoshanda, dzakavakirwa pauchapupu.
Tsvagiridzo yevanhu pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwehutano inowanzo ratidza kusiyana kwemaumbirwo uye kusaenzana munharaunda. Semuenzaniso, munyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira, mukana wekuwana hutano unowanzo shomeka kumapoka akasara asina kurongeka akadai sevakadzi, vana, nevarombo. Zvinhu zvakaita sedaro rekuenda kunzvimbo dzehutano, mutengo, uye tsika dzenzanga zvinogona kukanganisa kuwanikwa nekushandiswa kwemabasa ehutano.
Nekuongorora zvinhu izvi, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinogona kupa mazano ekuvandudza kuwanikwa uye mhando yemabasa ehutano. Nzira inosanganisira vanhu vose uye inobatana, inosanganisira nharaunda dzemunharaunda mukuronga nekushandisa zvirongwa zvehutano, inoonekwa seimwe nzira inoshanda yekukunda zvipingamupinyi izvi.
Hutano Hwepasi Pose uye Kupararira kwezvirwere munzanga
Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kunounza matambudziko matsva kuhurongwa hwehutano, kunyanya maererano nekupararira kwezvirwere zvinotapukira munharaunda. Zvirwere zvakaita seHIV/AIDS, COVID-19, neEbola zvinoda mhinduro inokurumidza uye inoshanda pasi rose. Dzidzo yezvekurapa ine basa guru mukunzwisisa kuti zvinhu zvemagariro evanhu netsika zvinopesvedzera sei kupararira uye mhinduro kuzvirwere izvi.
Semuenzaniso, panguva yedenda reEbola kuWest Africa, kunzwisisa tsika dzechivanhu dzekuviga vanhu dzakasanganisira kubata panyama nevakafa kwaikosha mukuedza kudzora kupararira kwehutachiona. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakashanda pamwe chete nevashandi vehutano kugadzira nzira dzekubatsira dzinoremekedza tsika dzechivanhu ukuwo dzichiona kuchengetedzeka kwenharaunda.
Denda reCOVID-19 rakaratidzawo kukosha kwedzidzo yezvekurapa mukugadzira mhinduro dzinoshanda dzehutano hweveruzhinji. Maonero evanhu nezvechirwere, kutevedzera mitemo yehutano, uye kuvimba nemajekiseni zvinokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemamiriro emagariro evanhu netsika. Nyanzvi dzezvekurapa dzinobatsira mukutaurirana ruzivo rwehutano zvinobudirira uye kukunda kuramba kurapwa kwehutano.
Penutup
Kudzidza nezvevanhu panyaya dzekurapa kunoita basa guru mukunzwisisa nekuvandudza masisitimu ehutano pasi rese. Nekuongorora kupindirana kwetsika, nzanga, nehutano, chikoro ichi chinopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuti tingagadzira sei masevhisi ehutano anoshanda, anosanganisira vanhu vose, uye ane hunhu hwakanaka.
Nzira yakazara uye inobatanidza vanhu inofunga nezvemagariro evanhu netsika muhutano ndiyo inokosha pakugadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji ehutano pasi rose. Nekuramba tichibatanidza tsvakurudzo yevanhu mumitemo yehutano nemaitiro, tinogona kuvaka hurongwa hwehutano hwakaenzana uye hunoenderera mberi hunoremekedza tsika nezvinodiwa nevanhu vese.
